List of Diseases

This list of diseases groups together the main familiese of diseases. Disease is an alteration in the functions or health of a living organism.

We speak as well of disease, referring to all the alterations in health, as of a disease, which then designates a particular entity characterized by causes, symptoms, development and specific therapeutic possibilities.

A patient is a person suffering from a disease, whether it is determined or not. When it is the subject of medical care, we speak of a patient.

Health and disease are linked to biological processes and to interactions with the social and environmental environment. Generally, disease is defined as an entity opposed to health, the negative effect of which is due to an alteration or disharmonization of a system at any level (molecular, bodily, mental, emotional, etc.) of the state. physiological or morphological considered as normal, balanced or harmonious. We can speak of faulty homeostasis.

This list of diseases groups together the main families of diseases

• List of dermatological diseases
• List of cardiovascular diseases
• List of respiratory diseases
• Cancer list
• List of eye diseases and disorders
• List of genetic or hereditary diseases (identified gene, unidentified gene)
• List of infectious diseases
• Mental illness (mood disorders, personality disorders)
• List of rare diseases

List of dermatological diseases

Signs can include itching, pain, and hyperhidrosis. Physical signs include: vitropression effect, Nikolsky’s sign, Wood’s lamp fluorescence, and Blaschko lines.
Dermatological investigations include skin biopsy.

Dermatological lesions
Atrophies
Bubbles
Dyschromia
Erythema (and exanthema)
Keratosis
Macules
Nodules
Papules
Purpuras
Pustules
Dander
Sclerosis
Tumors
Ulcerations
Vegetations or condylomas
Vesicles

Dermatological pathologies
Acanthosis nigricans
Achromia
Acne
Alopecia
Amyloidosis
Angiodermatitis
Stellate angioma
Staphylococcal anthrax
Aphthosis
Atrophy
Balanitis
Behçet (disease of)
Bowen’s disease
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Candidiasis
Soft chancroid
Rosacea
Darier’s disease
Degos (disease)
Chronic actinic dermatitis
Dermatitis herpetiformis
Atopic dermatitis
Dermatophytosis
Perioral dermatitis
Seborrheic dermatitis
Dermographism
Dyshidrosis
Eczema
Epidermolysis bullosa
Erysipelas
Erythema ab igne
Erythema nodosum
Fixed pigmented erythema
Erythema multiforme
Erythroderma
Erythrasma
Pressure sore
Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter (syndrome)
Folliculitis
Boil
Scabies
Gangrene
Granuloma annulare
Herpes
Ichthyosis
Impetigo
Intertrigo
Actinic keratosis
Keratosis pilaris
Leishmaniasis
Meadow
Leukokeratosis
Lichen planus
Scleroatrophic lichen
Livedo
Lupus erythematosus
Lyell syndrome
Plantar perforator
Occupational disease
Mastocytosis
Melanoma
Miliary
Mucinosis
Molluscum contagiosum
Myases
Lipoid necrobiosis
Angioedema
Panniculitis
Papillonite
Achromiant parakeratosis
Guttate parapsoriasis
Body pediculosis
Scalp pediculosis
Alopecia areata
Bullous pemphigoid
Pemphigus
Perionyxis
Perleche
Photodermatosis
Gibert’s rosé pityriasis
Tinea versicolor
Poikiloderma
Porphyrias
Prurigo
Psoriasis
Purpura
rosacea
Sarcoidosis
Scarlet fever
Sycosis
Mouth-hand-foot syndrome
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Syphilis
Ringworm
Bullous drug eruption
Trombidiosis
Tuberculosis
Tungose
Urticaria
Varicella
Necrotizing vasculitis
Wart
Vitiligo
Vulvovaginitis
Xanthoma
Xeroderma pigmentosum
Shingles

List of cardiovascular diseases (heart diseases)

Heart disorders

• Hypertension – elevated blood pressure above “normal.” Long term high blood pressure is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, vision loss, and chronic kidney disease. Lowering blood pressure is key for preventing these diseases.
  • Types of hypertension
    • Essential hypertension – Hypertension with no known cause, which is about 90–95% of people with hypertension. Often thought to be due to lifestyle. Management is through medications and blood pressure that does not respond is a red flag that it may be secondary hypertension. Due to the widespread nature of hypertension, cardiologists will end up managing or recommending treatments for essential hypertension.
    • Secondary hypertension – Most causes of secondary hypertension are from kidney and endocrine disorders. Cardiovascular causes of hypertension include coarctation of aorta, atherosclerosis, and aortic stenosis.
  • Complications of hypertension
    • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy – Increased pressure results in hypertrophy of the myocardium, particularly left ventricular hypertrophy. Pulmonary hypertension — which is separate from “hypertension” described above — can result in right ventricular hypertrophy.
    • Hypertensive crisis – Generally considered to be a systolic blood pressure over 180. If there is no organ dysfunction it is called a hypertensive urgency, but if there is (e.g., confusion, breathlessness) then it is called hypertensive emergency.
    • Pre-eclampsia (PreE) / Eclampsia – PreE is a disease of pregnancy that results in hypertension and proteinuria. PreE has negative consequences for both the mother and fetus/baby. Progression to eclampsia involves seizures. Currently, the only definitive treatment is delivery of the fetus.
    • Hemorrhagic stroke – Infarction of the brain due to internal bleeding from Charcot–Bouchard aneurysms.
    • Hypertensive encephalopathy, hypertensive nephropathy, hypertensive retinopathy – Damage to organs from chronic hypertension.

• Cardiac arrhythmias – conditions in which the heartbeat is irregular, too fast, or too slow. Many types of arrhythmia have no symptoms. When symptoms are present these may include palpitations or feeling a pause between heartbeats. More seriously there may be lightheadedness, passing out, shortness of breath, or chest pain. While most types of arrhythmia are not serious, some predispose a person to complications such as stroke or heart failure. Others may result in cardiac arrest.
  • Atrial fibrillation (afib or AF) – Fibrillation of the atria is fairly common and more common with increased age and overall disease of the heart. If the ventricular rate exceeds 100 then the afib is further classified as “afib with RVR” meaning rapid ventricular response.
  • Atrial flutter (AFL) – A re-entrant tachycardia greater than 240 beats per minute and produces a characteristic saw-tooth pattern on ECG. It often degenerates to atrial fibrillation.
  • Heart block – A decrease in the ability of the conduction system to transmit action pulses in the orderly manner. Blockage of the signal at different areas results in different types of heart block (e.g., first-degree AV block, left bundle branch block).
  • Long QT syndrome – Lengthening of the QT interval can result in arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Specifically, it can lead to torsades de pointes than can then lead to ventricular fibrillation. It can be an inherited disorder or be acquired. Certain medications are associated with lengthening of the QT interval — drug-induced QT prolongation — and an EKG may be warranted before starting the medication to ensure a normal QT interval, but this practice is debated.
  • Premature atrial contractions (PACs or APCs) – Normal beats originate in the SA node and extra beats originating from the atria are called PACs. They can be found in normal hearts and be asymptomatic; symptomatic PACs can be treated with beta blockers. PACs, like PVCs, can pair up with normal beats in a pattern called bigeminy.
  • Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) – Normal beats are conducted through the AV node to the ventricles resulting in a narrow QRS complex. With PVCs, the extra beat originates within the ventricles and results in a wide QRS complex. Like PACs, they can be found in healthy hearts but are more likely to be found in bigeminy than PACs.
  • Sick sinus syndrome, Bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome (BTS) – Disease of the SA node that results in irregular changes in heart rate and in the case of BTS the arrhythmia alternates between bradycardia and tachycardia.
  • Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) – A collection of tachycardia rhythms that originate before the ventricles and include the SA node, atria, and AV node. It is a broad, encomparsing term that includes other rhythms in this list (e.g., afib with RVR) and others.
  • Torsades de pointes – A polymorphic arrhythmia that can be syptomatic and tends to resolve to a normal sinus rhythm. However, there is a concern
  • Ventricular fibrillation (vfib) – Fibrillation of the ventricles is a life-threatening arrhythmia and should be treated by defibrillation and is a medical emergency. Vfib results from uncoordinated contraction of the ventricles and defibrillation acts as a ‘reset’ to synchronize contraction (i.e., a normal rhythm).
  • Ventricular tachycardia (vtach) – Tachycardia that originates from within the ventricles. Typically, “vtach” implies monomorphology but it can be an umbrella term for both monomorphic and polymorphic (i.e., torsade de pointes). To classify a ventricular rhythm as vtach, at least 3 beats in a row must originate from the ventricles and have a rate over 100. If it lasts longer than 30 seconds, it can additionally be labelled as a sustained vtach.

• Coronary circulation disorders
  • Atherosclerosis – Atherosclerosis is the condition in which an artery wall thickens as the result of a build-up of fatty materials (e.g., cholesterol) and white blood cells (“foam cells”). Atherosclerosis of a coronary artery leads to coronary artery disease (CAD). Atherosclerosis is a broad term referring to loss of elasticity of arteries and more specific terms exist — arteriosclerosis and arteriolosclerosis — to narrow which arteries are diseased and can easily be confused due to similar spelling. Overall, atherosclerosis tends to affect the arteries of highest pressure: aorta, coronary, renal, femoral, cerebral, and carotid.
  • Coronary artery disease (CAD)– Coronary artery disease is a general term for any reduction in coronary circulation. One such cause is atherosclerosis. CAD can lead to ischemia (angina pectoris) or infarction (myocardial infarction). Treatment of CAD includes angioplasty, stenting, and coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG).
    • Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) – ACS is a medical emergency and is a broad term encompassing many acute myocardial infarction symptoms. As a syndrome, it consists of a constellation of symptoms and can have many causes. The top three causes of ACS are ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI, 30%), non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI, 25%), or unstable angina (38%). The first two are myocardial infarctions which are more commonly known as “heart attacks.”
    • Angina pectoris – Angina pectoris literally means “chest pain” that refers to pain caused by ischemia of the heart. The main cause of angina is coronary artery disease, but can result from other non-atherosclerotic causes such as anemia and heart failure. Stable angina results if the angina resolves with rest or nitroglycerin, but can progress to unstable angina which is a form of acute coronary syndrome.
    • Myocardial infarction (a.k.a. heart attack) – A myocardial infarction is the death of a part of the heart which is typically caused by a blockage of the coronary circulation but can be caused by other insufficiency such as cardiogenic shock.
  • Restenosis – Recurrence of stenosis after being treated (e.g., stenting).

• Cardiac arrest – cessation of normal systemic circulation due to failure in proper contraction of the heart. There are several conditions that can cause cardiac arrest. Treatment of cardiac arrest includes cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), defibrillation, and advanced cardiac life support (ACLS), and treatment of the underlying cause of arrest.
  • Asystole (“flatline”) – Asystole refers to the absence of electrical activity of the heart and is sometimes referred to as a “flatline” because the electrocardiogram shows a solid line due to the absence of electrical activity. This flatline is commonly used in television and movies to signal death. There are numerous causes of asystole that may be reversible if determined quickly enough, however, survival is very unlikely (~2% if not in a hospital). In contrast, asystole is desired and induced during cardiopulmonary bypass through a cardioplegia solution containing very high amounts of potassium. One additional example is the use of high potassium in lethal injection that results in asystole, cardiac arrest, and then death.
  • Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) – Pulseless electrical activity is when the electrocardiogram shows a rhythm that should produce a pulse but it does not. PEA is commonly caused by the 6 H’s and 6 T’s (see PEA article) and results in decreased cardiac output and insufficient oxygen delivery to the body.
  • Pulseless ventricular tachycardia – Pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT) Is one classification of VT such that no pulse is felt because of an ineffective cardiac output which causes cardiac arrest, which also results in insufficient oxygen delivery to the body.
  • Sudden cardiac death (SCD) – concept of natural death rather than a specific medical condition. There are several causes of sudden cardiac death and it is distinct from cardiac arrest. The leading cause of SCD in young athletes is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy but can also result from commotio cordis that is often sustained during athletic activity.
  • Ventricular fibrillation – Ventricular fibrillation is fibrillation of the ventricles of the heart. Rhythmic contraction is necessary for efficient movement of blood, and fibrillation disrupts this rhythm sufficiently to cause cardiac arrest.

• Disorders of the myocardium
  • Cardiomyopathy – Cardiomyopathy is a deterioration of the myocardium. Several classifications have been used to categorize cardiomyopathies with the most common being primary vs. secondary, and dilated vs. restrictive vs. hypertrophic (presented below).
    • Ischemic cardiomyopathy – Cardiomyopathy causing ischemia of the heart due to coronary artery disease.
    • Nonischemic cardiomyopathy – Cardiomyopathy caused by something other than ischemia.
      • Amyloid cardiomyopathy – Cardiomyopathy caused by amyloidosis.
      • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) – Cardiomyopathy caused by hypertrophy of the heart and is the leading cause of sudden cardiac death in young adults.
        • Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) (Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS)) :
      • Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) – Cardiomyopathy caused by dilation of the heart, typically caused by “drugs and bugs.” It is the most common form of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy and the dilitation of the heart results in larger chamber volumes & thinner myocardial walls, both of which decrease the ability to pump. Specific kinds of dilated cardiomyopathy are listed below, and other causes include Chagas disease, chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., doxorubicin), tuberculosis, and pregnancy.
        • Alcoholic cardiomyopathy – A type of dilated cardiomyopathy caused by chronic abuse of alcohol and results from direct toxicity of ethanol on the myocardium.
        • Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy – A type of dilated cardiomyopathy caused by chronic tachycardia. A common arrhythmia that can lead to this form of cardiomyopathy is the common atrial fibrillation.
        • Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (Transient apical ballooning, stress-induced cardiomyopathy) – A type of dilated cardiomyopathy caused by a sudden temporary weakening of the myocardium, which can include emotional stress (i.e. broken-heart syndrome). It presents as sudden heart failure with ECG changes similarly found in myocardial infarction and typically is found in post-menopausal women.
      • Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy) – Cardiomyopathy caused by a genetic mutation of the desmosomes that connect myocytes.
      • Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) – Cardiomyopathy caused by excessive rigidity of the heart that prevents effective contraction and pumping. In comparison to DCM, RCM is often secondarily caused by other diseases such as amyloidosis, scleroderma, hemachromatosis (iron overload) and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. As such, the treatment for RCM is to treat the disease causing the RCM.
  • Heart failure – Heart failure is failure of the heart to produce sufficient blood flow to meet metabolic demands of the body, or to do so at higher filling pressures. The hallmark signs of heart failure include shortness of breath (especially on exertion, at night, or while lying down) and leg swelling. Chest pain is rarely a feature of heart failure, which would point a diagnosis more toward angina pectoris or myocardial infarction. Perhaps confusingly, heart failure can be caused by coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI) that result in a deficiency in pumping that then leads to heart failure. Treatment of heart failure, like most secondary disorders, depends upon treatment of the primary cause which includes CAD & MI but also valvular problems like aortic stenosis and hypertension.
    • Cor pulmonale – Untreated cor pulmonale can cause right heart failure from chronic pulmonary hypertrophy.
  • Ventricular hypertrophy – Hypertrophy of the ventricle. Thickening of the myocardium (i.e., hypertrophy) can be physiological (a normal response) or pathological. An example of physiological hypertrophy is the result of significant athletic training (athletic heart syndrome).
    • Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) – Hypertrophy of the left ventricle is more common than in the right and typically due to increased afterload on the heart such as from hypertension and aortic stenosis, but also from long standing mitral valve regurgitation. It can be diagnosed by echocardiography or ECG.
    • Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) – Hypertrophy of the right ventricle and, it too, can be physiological from athletic training. Other causes include pulmonary hypertension and COPD as well as several congenital heart defects like ventricular septal defect, Tetralogy of Fallot and hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
  • Heart cancer – Cancer of the heart is very rare and those cancers tend to be benign.
    • Myxoma – Most common tumor of the heart. It is a benign tumor most commonly found in the left atrium and can be associated with Carney syndrome.
  • Myocardial rupture and ventricular aneurysm – Rupture is a gross structural failure of the heart. Commonly a result of myocardial infarction that weakens the wall sufficiently to result in frank rupture and is typically seen 7–10 days after infarction. If not significant enough, the wall can develop into a ventricular aneurysm.
  • Myocarditis – Infection and inflammation of the myocardium is myocarditis. Most causes are infectious (parvovirus B19, Lyme disease, Chagas disease), toxic (ethanol, anthracyclines, clozapine), or immunologic (systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, and some of the vasculitides (see below)). Definitive diagnosis requires a biopsy.
  • Uhl anomaly – A congenital heart defect in which the right ventricular myocardium is too thin or absent. It is a very rare disorder.

• Disorders of the pericardium
  • Pericarditis – Inflammation of the pericardium that is typically idiopathic or infectious in nature (the membrane covering the heart). This inflammation is accompanied by swelling at the level of this membrane, in particular due to an excess of fluid circulating between the pericardium and the heart. The main symptoms of pericarditis are pain in the chest. These pains can occur suddenly, sharply and severely. The pain is usually worse at night when lying down and less when sitting. Treatment of viral & idiopathic pericarditis is NSAIDs or aspirin.
    • Constrictive pericarditis – Pericarditis that constricts the expansion of the heart and inhibits heart function. Causes include infections (tuberculosis, fungus, parasites) and surgery. Definitive surgery is a pericardiectomy.
      • Dressler syndrome – A form of pericarditis that develops 2–3 weeks after myocardial infarction and is accompanied by fever, pleuritic chest pain, and symptoms of pericarditis.
  • Pericardial effusion – The serous pericardium normally contains fluid that reduces friction, but an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardium is called a pericardial effusion. The list of causes is lengthy but includes pericarditis, rheumatic diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus), trauma, and blood from myocardial rupture. If an effusion worsens then the fluid can inhibit heart function and symptoms of cardiac tamponade appear. Treatment includes pericardiocentesis to drain the fluid, if necessary, and treatment of the underlying cause.
  • Pericardial tamponade – Tamponade is a medical emergency resulting from accumulation of fluid in the pericardium that inhibits heart function. Tamponade is a consequence of the fibrous pericardium being too inelastic to permit adequate heart expansion during diastole. The classic finding is pulsus paradoxus as well as Beck’s triad (low arterial blood pressure, distended neck veins, & soft heart sounds). Treatment is supportive until in a hospital where pericardiocentesis or a pericardial window can be performed to drain the fluid.

• Disorders of the heart valves
  • Specific valvular problems – Specific problems of each valve.
    • Aortic valve – Disorders and treatments of the aortic valve that separates the left ventricle and aorta.
      • Aortic regurgitation / aortic insufficiency – Deficiency of the aortic valve that permits regurgitation from the aorta into the left ventricle.
      • Aortic stenosis – Narrowing of the aortic valve opening that reduces blood flow through the valve. Stenosis commonly occurs from calcification of the valve, which happens prematurely in those with a bicuspid aortic valve. Stenosis of the aortic valve produces a harsh systolic murmur that classically radiates in the carotid arteries as well as pulsus parvus et tardus.
      • Aortic valve replacement – Replacement of the aortic valve due to aortic regurgitation, aortic stenosis, or other reasons. A special kind of replacement called percutaneous aortic valve replacement is done through catheters are does not require open-heart surgery.
      • Aortic valve repair – Repair, instead of replacement, of the aortic valve.
        • Aortic valvuloplasty – Repair of the valve by using a balloon catheter to force it open.
    • Mitral valve – Disorders and treatments of the mitral valve that separates the left atrium and left ventricle.
      • Mitral valve prolapse – Prolapse of the mitral valve into the left atrium during ventricular systole.
      • Mitral regurgitation / mitral insufficiency – Deficiency of the mitral valve that permits regurgitation from the left ventricle into the left atrium. Regurgitation produces a systolic murmur that radiates into the axilla.
      • Mitral stenosis – Narrowing of the mitral valve opening that reduces blood flow through the valve.
      • Mitral valve replacement – Replacement of the mitral valve due to mitral regurgitation, mitral stenosis, or other reasons.
      • Mitral valve repair – Repair, instead of replacement, of the mitral valve.
        • Mitral valvuloplasty – Repair of the valve by using a balloon catheter to force it open.
    • Pulmonary valve – Disorders of the pulmonary valve that separates the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.
      • Pulmonary regurgitation / pulmonary insufficiency – Deficiency of the pulmonary valve that permits regurgitation from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle.
      • Pulmonic stenosis – Narrowing of the pulmonary valve opening that reduces blood flow through the valve.
    • Tricuspid valve – Disorders of the tricuspid valve that separates the right atrium and right ventricle.
      • Tricuspid regurgitation / tricuspid insufficiency – Deficiency of the tricuspid valve that permits regurgitation from the right ventricle into the right atrium.
      • Tricuspid stenosis – Narrowing of the tricuspid valve opening that reduces blood flow through the valve.
      • Ebstein’s anomaly – A congenital heart defect that results in the tricuspid valve leaflets being deeper in the heart (toward the apex) than normal. The annulus of the valve is in the correct position, however, and the portion of the ventricle affected becomes “atrialized” with thinner walls. The right atrium becomes hypertrophied and can result in conduction defects (e.g., Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome).
      • Tricuspid atresia – A congenital heart defect that results in the absence of the tricuspid valve
  • Endocarditis – The thin, inner lining of the heart is the endocardium and inflammation of this layer is called endocarditis. Endocarditis commonly affects the heart valves.
    • Infective endocarditis – Commonly affects the valves due to absence of blood supply to the heart valve, which results in a decreased immune response to the valve leaflets. Typically, bacteria cause infective endocarditis of the mitral valve, but intravenous drug users (e.g., heroin, methamphetamine) have an increased risk of infection of the tricuspid valve. Common signs include Janeway lesions (non-tender), Osler’s nodes (tender), and splinter hemorrhage of the nails.
    • Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) – Growths on the valves that are not from an infectious source and are composed of fibrin and platelets, and is associated with a history of rheumatic fever. The aortic valve is the most common valve affected (followed by mitral, tricuspid, & then pulmonary).
    • Libman–Sacks endocarditis – A form of nonbacterial endocarditis specific to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and tends to affect the mitral valve (unlike NBTE which affects the aortic valve). It is the second most common heart finding in SLE after pericarditis

• Congenital heart defects – defects in the structure of the heart which are present at birth and are often the result of aberrant embryological development. Defects can be syndromic or non-syndromic, with the later meaning defects that are isolated and not found in patterns (i.e., a syndrome). The top two syndromic causes of congenital heart defects are Noonan syndrome and Down syndrome. Down syndrome is more common than Noonan syndrome, but has a lower incidence of congenital heart defects, which makes Noonan syndrome the most common syndromic cause of congenital heart defects.
  • Atrial septal defect (ASD) – Defect in the interatrial septum that permits blood flow between atria, including a patent foramen ovale (PFO).
  • Bicuspid aortic valve – Formation of two valve leaflets in the aortic valve instead of three leaflets. This leads to aortic stenosis as the valve prematurely calcifies (as compared to calcification of a trileflet valve).
  • Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) – Narrowing of the aorta, typically of the aortic arch and is classically found in Turner syndrome. A “complete” coarction is called an interrupted aortic arch.
  • Cor triatriatum – A membrane that divides one of the atria results in “three” atria (hence “triatriatum“). This tends to affect the left atrium more than the right atrium. The membrane may be present without complete division of the atrium. It presents similarly to stenosis of the respective semilunar valve (i.e., tricuspid stenosis for right atrium).
  • Dextrocardia – Dextrocardia is a condition in which the apex of the heart is on the right side of the body, instead of the left. This can exist in isolation or as a part of situs inversus in which the entire body is mirrored not just the heart. Situs inversus can be a part of primary ciliary dyskinesia (aka Kartagener syndrome) that has recurrent respiratory infections and male infertility. A simple chest xray is sufficient to diagnose dextrocardia, provided care is taken in marking the correct side of the radiograph.
  • Ebstein’s anomaly – Malformation of the tricuspid valve (see above).
  • Great artery defects – There are several conditions that affect the great arteries (e.g., double aortic arch, aberrant subclavian artery) that often result in problems with the trachea and breathing.
  • Hypoplastic left heart syndrome – Defect in the development of the left heart such that it is hypoplastic (under developed).
  • Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) – Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close on birth.
  • Patent foramen ovale (PFO) – An atrial septal defect in that the foramen ovale fails to close at birth.
  • Persistent truncus arteriosus – Defect in that the truncus arteriosus fails to divide.
  • Pulmonary valve stenosis (PVS) – Narrowing of the pulmonary valve that is the key finding in Noonan syndrome.
  • Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) – Set of four anatomical abnormalities: pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, ventricular septal defect, and right ventricular hypertrophy.
  • Transposition of the great vessels (TGV) – Abnormal spatial arrangement of the great vessels (superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, and aorta).
  • Uhl anomaly – Partial or total loss of the right ventricular wall.
  • Ventricular septal defect (VSD) – Defect in the ventricular septum that permits blood flow between ventricles.

• Diseases of blood vessels – diseases of the blood vessels can be multidisciplinary in nature. For example, medical treatment of atherosclerosis tends to be managed by cardiologists while vascular surgery repairs aneurysms and stenotic arteries.
  • Atherosclerosis – Thickening of an arterial wall due to increased cholesterol and macrophages (see above).
  • Aneurysm – Balloon-like bulging of arteries (also possible of the heart: see ventricular aneurysm above).
    • Aortic aneurysm – Aneurysm of the aorta, typically of the abdominal aorta (abdominal aortic aneurysm or AAA). They are associated with a smoking history and in connective tissue diseases (e.g., Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome). Current USPSTF recommendations are for a single abdominal ultrasound screening for a AAA in anyone 65 or older who has smoked. Surgical repair of a AAA is advised after it is larger than 5.0–5.5 cm because of concern for rupture that leads to death from internal bleeding.
    • Cerebral aneurysm – Aneurysms of the arteries in the brain most commonly affect the anterior cerebral artery. Rupture of the aneurysm results in a subarachnoid hemorrhage and a very severe headache.
  • Aortic dissection – Dissection along the length of the aorta between the layers of the aortic wall. Dissection of the ascending aorta (type A) is a surgical emergency while dissection of the descending aorta (type B) can possibly be managed medically. Dissection of the ascending aorta is an emergency because dissection may interrupt coronary blood flow and blood flow to the brain, neither of which tolerate ischemia particularly well.
  • Aortic rupture – Frank rupture of the aorta is often fatal from internal bleeding. Rupture of the aorta can occur at the sites of aneurysm, but is also due to trauma and results in a traumatic aortic rupture.
  • Carotid artery – Diseases of the carotid arteries:
    • Carotid artery stenosis / carotid artery disease – Narrowing of the carotid artery, typically due to atherosclerosis.
    • Carotid artery dissection – Dissection along the length of the carotid artery between the layers of the carotid wall and filled with blood.
  • Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) – Formation of a thrombus in a deep vein, commonly in the legs that may break loose, travel to the lungs, and occlude blood flow (pulmonary embolism) sufficient to interrupt oxygenation to the body.
  • Traveller’s thrombosis / economy class syndrome: A DVT due to being sedentary during air travel.
  • Microangiopathy – Disease of capillaries in which the walls become thick and weak, and result in bleeding and decreased blood flow. One very common cause is diabetes mellitus in which microangiopathy results in diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic neuropathy.
  • Varicose veins – Veins that have become enlarged and tortuous with failed valves, commonly in the legs. Vericose veins have cosmetic concerns, but they may become painful. Surgery and sclerotherapy are two options for treating varicose veins.
  • Vasculitis – Inflammation of blood vessels (veins & arteries) with a long list of causes.
    • Aortitis – Inflammation of the aorta that can be seen in giant cell arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, rheumatoid arthritis, syphilis and Takayasu’s arteritis.
    • Behçet’s disease – Affects small-sized vessels that often initially presents with oral aphthous ulcers, genital ulcers and uveitis, and can be fatal from ruptured aneurysms. Pericarditis is commonly seen with Behçet’s.
    • Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA; formerly known as Churg-Strauss syndrome) – Affects small- & medium-sized vessels that often affects lungs, kidneys, & heart in those with a history of airway allergic hypersensitivity and p-ANCA antibodies.
    • Giant-cell arteritis (GCA) / Temporal arteritis – Affects medium- & large-sized vessels of the head, typically branches of the external carotid artery and namely the temporal artery. Occlusion of the ophthalmic artery results in blindness. Suspicion of GCA necessitates immediate treatment with glucocorticoids and temporal artery biopsy.
    • Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) – Affects small- & medium-sized vessels that often affects the lung & kidneys (RPGN) with classic saddle nose and c-ANCA antibodies.
    • IgA vasculitis (IgAV; formerly known as Henoch-Schönlein purpura) – Affects small-sized vessels and produces palpable purpura and proteinuria from immunocomplex (IgA) deposition.
    • Kawasaki disease – Affects medium-sized vessels mostly seen in young children with myocarditis, & pericarditis, and is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children (results in coronary artery aneurysms). Myocardial infarction from coronary thrombosis is the most common cause of death from Kawasaki disease.
    • Thromboangiitis obliterans – Affects small- & medium-sized vessels that is strongly associated with tobacco products. Pain, diminished pulses, gangrene and eventual amputation of affected hands and feet.

List of respiratory diseases

Acute upper respiratory infections

Hypoxia: is a medical term used to refer to a lack of oxygen supply to the tissues of the body. Localized or generalized, hypoxia requires adequate medical management to avoid the onset of complications.

Influenza and Pneumonia (Lung infection)

Other acute lower respiratory infections

Other diseases of the upper respiratory tract

Chronic lower respiratory diseases

Lung diseases caused by exogenous substances

Other diseases of the respiratory organs, mainly affecting the interstitium

Purulent and Necrotizing Lower Respiratory Diseases

Other diseases of the pleura

Other diseases of the respiratory system

Cancer list

Types of Cancer | List all of Cancers | Adult, Children, Head and neck, Digestive and Types of Blood Cancer

List of eye diseases and disorders

Blepharospasm
Disorders of eyelid, tear apparatus and orbit
Conjunctival disorders
Disorders of sclera, cornea , iris and ciliary body
Disorders of lens
Choroid and retinal disorders
Glaucoma
Disorders of vitreous body and eyeball
Disorders of optic nerve and optic pathways
Disorders of eye muscles and disorders in binocular eye movement, accommodation and refraction
Visual disturbances and blindness
Other disorders of the eye and adnexes

List of genetic diseases (identified gene, unidentified gene)

Inherited diseases follow different inheritance patterns and are associated with different inheritance, recurrence and disease probabilities. A distinction is made between autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant inheritance from gonosomal and mitochondrial inheritance.

Autosomal recessive modes of inheritance

The peculiarity only appears if there is a change ( mutation ) in both copies of a certain gene on both chromosomes , i.e. That is, if the person in question has inherited one change from his biological father and one from his biological mother. The parents do not have to be affected, so the phenotype does not occur in every generation. The mutation does not have to be identical. If two mutations that can be distinguished by molecular genetics lead to the same loss of function in a gene, one speaks of compound heterozygosity . Examples of autosomal recessive inheritance are cystic fibrosis and albinismand phenylketonuria (PKU) (a defect in phenylalanine hydroxylase).

Autosomal recessive inherited diseases are mostly loss-of-function mutations . The causes of apparent deviations in autosomal recessive inheritance are pseudo-dominance , heterogeneity , isodisomy and the fact that heterozygotes with sick children are not included in the calculation. Typical examples are:

• Adrenogenital syndrome (AGS)
• Maple syrup disease
• Albinism
• Alkaptonuria
• Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency
• Galactosemia
• Hereditary fructose intolerance
• Hemochromatosis
• Joubert syndrome
• Cretinism
• Short rib polydactyly syndromes (types I, II, III, IV),
• Laurence-Moon-Biedl-Bardet syndrome ( LMBB syndrome )
• Cleft lip and palate
• Wilson disease
• Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS)
• Cystic fibrosis or cystic fibrosis
• Finnish type nephrotic syndrome
• Peters Plus Syndrome
• Phenylketonuria (PKU)
• Ribbing syndrome
• Thalassemia
• Xeroderma pigmentosum
• Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD)

Autosomal dominant patterns of inheritance

Here an altered allele (alleles are the mutually and at the same time oppositely corresponding genes of a diploid chromosome set) on one of the two homologous chromosomes leads to the characteristic expression. The genetic information is available on one of the 44 autosomes and is inherited regardless of gender . So women and men are equally affected. The phenotype occurs in every generation. Examples are:

• Achondroplasia
• Apert syndrome
• Brachydactyly
• Huntington’s Disease (“St. Vitus’s Dance”)
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (types I – IV, VII A / B, VIII)
• Engelmann syndrome
• Erythropoietic protoporphyria
• Factor V Leiden mutation
• Familial hypercholesterolemia
• HMSN type I ( Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease )
• Malignant hyperthermia
• Marfan’s Syndrome
• Darier’s disease
• Multiple cartilaginous exostoses
• Type I myotonic dystrophy
• Neurofibromatosis (Recklinghausen’s disease)
• Osteogenesis imperfecta (type I)
• Piebaldism
• Polydactyly
• Retinoblastoma
• Ruvalcaba-Myhre-Smith syndrome and
• Sickle cell anemia
• Tuberous sclerosis
• Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

Gonosomal modes of inheritance

Hereditary gonosomal diseases, i.e. those in which the change affects the sex chromosomes X or Y, are in most cases on the X chromosome , since the Y chromosome contains fewer genes. The X chromosome has 155 megabases, the Y chromosome 59 megabases. Using the example of X-linked inheritance , the following peculiarities become clear:

X-linked recessive

Girls / women are only affected if both X chromosomes are damaged, otherwise they are only carriers (conductors), d. In other words, they can pass on the changed X chromosome to their children, but do not develop a corresponding phenotype themselves. Girls / women can often compensate for the change on one X chromosome with their second X chromosome if it is not changed. Boys / men are affected if they inherit one of the changed X chromosomes from the phenotypically healthy mother, or one of the two changed X chromosomes from a phenotypically diseased mother, since boys / men definitely have one X chromosome from the Get a mother and have only this one. Boys / men are phenotypically affected more often, since girls / women compensate for the defect with the other X chromosome. Examples are glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G-6-PD deficiency),Hemophilia A and B (hemophilia), Lesch-Nyhan syndrome , Fabry disease , mucopolysaccharidosis type II, muscular dystrophy (Duchenne type, Becker-Kiener type), Norrie syndrome , retinitis pigmentosa , red-green blindness , septic granulomatosis , X- SCID (severe combined immune deficiency) and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency ( urea cycle defect )

X-linked dominant

Boys / men are 50% affected if their mother is a carrier of a disease-causing allele on an X chromosome. If, on the other hand, both of their X chromosomes contain the disease-causing allele, all children are affected. Overall, girls / women are more frequently affected, as the probability of receiving an altered X chromosome is higher with two X chromosomes (one from the father, one from the mother) than with boys / men (one from the mother). Examples are familial phosphatemic rickets (also called idiopathic Debré-de-Toni-Fanconi syndrome or vitamin D-resistant rickets ), Rett syndrome and orofacio-digital syndrome type 1 .

Mitochondrial or extrachromosomal inheritance

About 0.1 percent of the DNA in a human cell is not in the nucleus, but in the mitochondria . Since egg cells, unlike sperm, have several hundred thousand mitochondria, mutations in the mitochondrial DNA are only inherited on the maternal side. The same applies to the chloroplasts of photosynthetically active organisms.

See also extrachromosomal inheritance

Diagnosis and treatment

If a hereditary disease is suspected, a human genetic test can provide clarity. The chromosomes are checked for numerical and structural changes. If there is an urgent suspicion of a certain genetic defect, a more extensive, complex investigation of individual gene constellations is also possible. The results can then be helpful in assessing the risk of inheritance.

If the genetic make-up is peculiar to itself, it is usually not possible to act on the causes with today’s medical options. Therefore advice is usually given regarding lifestyle, education about risk factors and symptomatic measures. These are then individual decisions, especially since it is not always an illness, but often a disposition.

For a few diseases, such as B. spinal muscular atrophy, there are first attempts at therapy.

History

The term genetic disease , which has only been used since the 20th century to mean genetic disease , was also often misused in the first half of the 20th century , including for alleged “diseases” such as “criminal tendencies” or “antisociality”. This thinking influenced sterilization programs and the euthanasia idea and found its extreme expression in German National Socialism, but was also present in many other countries such as the USA, England and France at the time. Today, only those diseases are called hereditary diseases that can be defined as clearly as possible and are very likely to be due to genetic defects.

Chromosome Related Inheritance Diseases for X and Y (Genetic Disorders)

Benign hereditary diseases

List of infectious diseases

Mental illness, mood disorders, personality disorders

Organic mental disorders, including symptomatic disorders

Mental and behavioral disorders related to the use of psychotropic substances

Schizophrenia, schizotype and delusional disorders

Affective Disorders

Neurotic, Stress and Somatoform Disorders

Behavioural abnormalities with physical disorders and factors

Personality and Behavioural Disorders

Intelligence Reduction

Developmental Disorders

Behavioural and emotional disorders with the beginning of childhood and adolescence

List of rare diseases

Acrocephalosyndactylia   Acrodermatitis   Addison Disease   Adie Syndrome   Alagille Syndrome   Amylose   Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis   Angelman Syndrome   Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia   Arnold-Chiari Malformation   Arthritis, Juvenile Rheumatoid   Asperger Syndrome B   Bardet-Biedl Syndrome   Barrett Esophagus   Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome   Behcet Syndrome   Bloom Syndrome   Bowen’s Disease   Brachial Plexus Neuropathies   Brown-Sequard Syndrome   Budd-Chiari Syndrome   Burkitt Lymphoma C   Carcinoma 256, Walker   Caroli Disease   Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease   Chediak-Higashi Syndrome   Chiari-Frommel Syndrome   Chondrodysplasia Punctata   Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction   Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis   Craniofacial Dysostosis   Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome   Crohn Disease   Cushing Syndrome   Cystic Fibrosis D   Dandy-Walker Syndrome   De Lange Syndrome   Dementia, Vascular   Dermatitis Herpetiformis   DiGeorge Syndrome   Diffuse Cerebral Sclerosis of Schilder   Duane Retraction Syndrome   Dupuytren Contracture E   Ebstein Anomaly   Eisenmenger Complex   Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome   Encephalitis   Enchondromatosis   Epidermal Necrolysis, Toxic F   Facial Hemiatrophy   Factor XII Deficiency   Fanconi Anemia   Felty’s Syndrome   Fibrous Dysplasia, Polyostotic   Fox-Fordyce Disease   Friedreich Ataxia   Fusobacterium G   Gardner Syndrome   Gaucher Disease   Gerstmann Syndrome   Giant Lymph Node Hyperplasia   Glycogen Storage Disease Type I   Glycogen Storage Disease Type II   Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV   Glycogen Storage Disease Type V   Glycogen Storage Disease Type VII   Goldenhar Syndrome   Guillain-Barre Syndrome H   Hallermann’s Syndrome   Hamartoma Syndrome, Multiple   Hartnup Disease   Hepatolenticular Degeneration   Hepatolenticular Degeneration   Hereditary Sensory and Motor Neuropathy   Hirschsprung Disease   Histiocytic Necrotizing Lymphadenitis   Histiocytosis, Langerhans-Cell   Hodgkin Disease   Horner Syndrome   Huntington Disease   Hyperaldosteronism   Hyperhidrosis   Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal   Hypopituitarism I   Inappropriate ADH Syndrome   Intestinal Polyps   Isaacs Syndrome K   Kartagener Syndrome   Kearns-Sayre Syndrome   Klippel-Feil Syndrome   Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome   Kluver-Bucy Syndrome   Korsakoff Syndrome L   Lafora Disease   Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome   Landau-Kleffner Syndrome   Langer-Giedion Syndrome   Leigh Disease   Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome   Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell   Li-Fraumeni Syndrome   Long QT Syndrome M   Machado-Joseph Disease   Mallory-Weiss Syndrome   Marek Disease   Marfan Syndrome   Meckel Diverticulum   Meige Syndrome   Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome   Meniere Disease   Mikulicz’ Disease   Miller Fisher Syndrome   Mobius Syndrome   Moyamoya Disease   Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome   Mucopolysaccharidosis I   Mucopolysaccharidosis II   Mucopolysaccharidosis III   Mucopolysaccharidosis IV   Mucopolysaccharidosis VI   Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1   Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy   Muscular Atrophy, Spinal N   Narcolepsy   Neuroaxonal Dystrophies   Neuromyelitis Optica   Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses   Niemann-Pick Diseases   Noonan Syndrome O   Optic Atrophies, Hereditary   Osteitis Deformans   Osteochondritis   Osteochondrodysplasias   Osteolysis, Essential P   Paget Disease Extramammary   Paget’s Disease, Mammary   Panniculitis, Nodular Nonsuppurative   Papillon-Lefevre Disease   Paralysis   Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease   Pemphigus, Benign Familial   Penile Induration   Pericarditis, Constrictive   Peroxisomal Disorders   Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome   Pick Disease of the Brain   Pierre Robin Syndrome   Pigmentation Disorders   Pityriasis Lichenoides   Polycystic Ovary Syndrome   Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune   Prader-Willi Syndrome   Pupil Disorders R   Rett Syndrome   Reye Syndrome   Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome S   Sandhoff Disease   Sarcoma, Ewing’s   Schnitzler Syndrome   Sjogren’s Syndrome   Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome   Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome   Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood   Sturge-Weber Syndrome   Sweating, Gustatory T   Takayasu Arteritis   Tangier Disease   Tay-Sachs Disease   Thromboangiitis Obliterans   Thyroiditis, Autoimmune   Tietze’s Syndrome   Togaviridae Infections   Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome   Tourette Syndrome U   Uveomeningoencephalitic Syndrome V, W, Z   Waardenburg’s Syndrome   Wegener Granulomatosis   Weil Disease   Werner Syndrome   Williams Syndrome   Wilms Tumor   Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome   Wolfram Syndrome   Wolman Disease   Zellweger Syndrome   Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome   von Willebrand Diseases

Below is a list of conditions . A condition is the collective name for symptoms, syndromes, clinical signs, diseases, disabilities and injuries.

A

• Abscess
• Acute Radiation Sickness
• Alzheimer’s disease
• Anthrax
• Appendicitis
• Allergy
• Ankylosing
• Arthritis
• Aseptic meningitis
• Asthma
• Astigmatism
• Atherosclerosis

B

• Bacterial meningitis
• Beriberi
• Black Death
• Botulism
• Breast cancer
• Bronchitis
• Brucellosis
• Bubonic plague
• Burnout Parental
• Bunion
• Boil

C

• Capgras delusion syndrome
• Campylobacter infection
• Cancer
• Candidiasis
• Carbon monoxide poisoning
• Coeliac disease
• Cerebral palsy
• Chagas disease
• Chickenpox
• Chlamydia
• Chlamydia trachomatis
• Cholera
• Chordoma
• Chorea
• Chronic fatigue syndrome
• Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
• Colitis
• Common cold
• Condyloma
• Congestive heart disease
• Coronary heart disease
• COVID-19
• Cowpox
• Crohn’s Disease
• Coronavirus

D

• Dengue Fever
• Diabetes mellitus
• Diphtheria
• Dehydration
• Dysentery

E

• Ear infection
• Ebola
• Encephalitis
• Emphysema
• Epilepsy
• Erectile dysfunction

F

• Fibromyalgia
• Foodborne illness
• Fungal Infection (Mycosis)

G

• Gangrene
• Gastroenteritis
• Genital herpes
• GERD
• Goitre
• Gonorrhea

H

• Heart disease
• Hemorrhoids
• Hepatitis A
• Hepatitis B
• Hepatitis C
• Hepatitis D
• Hepatitis E
• Hepatitis G
• Histiocytosis (childhood cancer)
• HIV
• Human papillomavirus
• Huntington’s disease
• Hypermetropia
• Hyperopia
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hypothyroid
• Hypotonia

I

• Impetigo
• Infectious Diseases and Contagious (viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi, protozoa)
• Infertility
• Influenza
• Interstitial cystitis

• Iritis
• Iron-deficiency anemia
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Ignious Syndrome
• Intestine ache
• Intestine Gas
• Intestine disease
• Upset Intestine

J

• Jaundice

K

• Keloids
• Kuru
• Kwashiorkor
• Kidney stone disease

L

• Laryngitis
• Lead poisoning
• Legionellosis
• Leishmaniasis
• Leprosy
• Leptospirosis
• Listeriosis
• Leukemia
• Lice
• Loiasis
• Lung cancer
• Lupus erythematosus
• Lyme disease
• Lymphogranuloma venereum
• Lymphoma
• Limbtoosa

M

• Mad cow disease
• Malaria
• Marburg fever
• Measles
• Melanoma
• Metastatic cancer
• Meniere’s disease
• Meningitis
• Migraine
• Monkeypox
• Mononucleosis
• Multiple myeloma
• Multiple sclerosis
• Mumps
• Muscular dystrophy
• Myasthenia gravis
• Myelitis
• Myoclonus
• Myopia
• Myxedema
• Morquio Syndrome
• Mattticular syndrome
• Mononucleosis

N

• Neoplasm
• Non-gonococcal urethritis
• Necrotizing Fasciitis
• Night blindness

O

• Obesity
• Osteoarthritis
• Osteoporosis
• Otitis

P

• Palindromic rheumatism
• Paratyphoid fever
• Parkinson’s disease
• Pelvic inflammatory disease
• Peritonitis
• Periodontal disease
• Pertussis
• Phenylketonuria
• Plague
• Poliomyelitis
• Porphyria
• Progeria
• Prostatitis
• Psittacosis
• Psoriasis
• Pubic lice
• Pulmonary embolism
• Pilia
• pneumonia
• Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) | Rare Brain Disorder

Q

• Q fever
• Ques fever

R

• Rabies
• Ramsay Hunt Syndrome (herpes zoster oticus) affects the facial nerve near one of ears
• Repetitive strain injury
• Rheumatic fever
• Rheumatic heart
• Rheumatism
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Rickets
• Rift Valley fever
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Rubella

S

• Salmonellosis
• Scabies
• Scarlet fever
• Sciatica
• Scleroderma
• Scrapie
• Scurvy
• Sepsis
• Septicemia
• SARS
• Shigellosis
• Shin splints
• Shingles
• Sickle-cell anemia
• Siderosis
• SIDS
• Silicosis
• Smallpox
• Stevens–Johnson syndrome
• STD – STI | List of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Infections
• Stiff Person Syndrome
• Stomach flu
• Stomach ulcers
• Strabismus
• Strep throat
• Streptococcal infection
• Synovitis
• Syphilis
• Swine influenza
• Schizophrenia
• Stomach Gas
• Stomach Ache
• stomach Disease
• Kids Stomach Ache
• Upset Stomach

T

• Taeniasis
• Tay-Sachs disease
• Tennis elbow
• Teratoma
• Tetanus
• Thalassaemia
• Thrush
• Thymoma
• Tinnitus
• Tonsillitis
• Tooth decay
• Toxic shock syndrome
• Trichinosis
• Trichomoniasis
• Trisomy
• Tuberculosis
• Tubular Breast (Tuberous Breasts) Malformation of Breasts
• Tularemia
• Tungiasis
• Typhoid fever
• Typhus
• Tumor

U

• Ulcerative colitis
• Ulcers
• Uremia
• Urticaria
• Uveitis
• UTI’S

V

• Varicella
• Varicose veins
• Vasovagal syncope
• Vitiligo
• Von Hippel-Lindau disease
• Viral fever
• Viral meningitis

W

• Warkany syndrome
• Warts
• Watkins

Y

• Yellow fever
• Yersiniosis

Sources: PinterPandai, Health On the Net (NGO),

Notice:

Information in CleverlySmart.com is updated on a regular basis. It may happen that new discoveries are made in between updates and do not yet appear in the disease profile. The date of the last update is indicated. Professionals are always encouraged to consult the most recent publications before making any decisions based on the information provided.

Information in CleverlySmart.com is not intended to replace professional health care. CleverlySmart.comcannot be held responsible for harmful, truncated or erroneous use of any information found in the CleverlySmart.com database.

List of Diseases

This list of diseases groups together the main families of diseases. Disease is an alteration in the functions or health of a living organism. We speak as well of disease, referring to all the alterations in health, as of a disease, which then designates a particular entity characterized by causes, symptoms, development and specific therapeutic possibilities. A patient is a person suffering from a disease, whether it is determined or not. When it is the subject of medical care, we speak of a patient. Health and disease are linked to biological processes and to interactions with the social and environmental environment. Generally, disease is defined as an entity opposed to health, the negative effect of which is due to an alteration or disharmonization of a system at any level (molecular, bodily, mental, emotional, etc.) of the state. physiological or morphological considered as normal, balanced or harmonious. We can speak of faulty homeostasis.

This list of diseases groups together the main families of diseases

• List of dermatological diseases
• List of cardiovascular diseases
• List of respiratory diseases
• Cancer list
• List of eye diseases and disorders
• List of genetic or hereditary diseases (identified gene, unidentified gene)
• List of infectious diseases
• Mental illness (mood disorders, personality disorders)
• List of rare diseases

List of dermatological diseases

Signs can include itching, pain, and hyperhidrosis. Physical signs include: vitropression effect, Nikolsky’s sign, Wood’s lamp fluorescence, and Blaschko lines. Dermatological investigations include skin biopsy. Dermatological lesions Atrophies Bubbles Dyschromia Erythema (and exanthema) Keratosis Macules Nodules Papules Purpuras Pustules Dander Sclerosis Tumors Ulcerations Vegetations or condylomas Vesicles Dermatological pathologies Acanthosis nigricans Achromia Acne Alopecia Amyloidosis Angiodermatitis Stellate angioma Staphylococcal anthrax Aphthosis Atrophy Balanitis Behçet (disease of) Bowen’s disease Basal cell Carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Candidiasis Soft chancroid Rosacea Darier’s disease Degos (disease) Chronic actinic dermatitis Dermatitis herpetiformis Atopic dermatitis Dermatophytosis Perioral dermatitis Seborrheic dermatitis Dermographism Dyshidrosis Eczema Epidermolysis bullosa Erysipelas Erythema ab igne Erythema nodosum Fixed pigmented erythema Erythema multiforme Erythroderma Erythrasma Pressure sore Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter (syndrome) Folliculitis Boil Scabies Gangrene Granuloma annulare Herpes Ichthyosis Impetigo Intertrigo Actinic keratosis Keratosis pilaris Leishmaniasis Meadow Leukokeratosis Lichen planus Scleroatrophic lichen Livedo Lupus erythematosus Lyell syndrome Plantar perforator Occupational disease Mastocytosis Melanoma Miliary Mucinosis Molluscum contagiosum Myases Lipoid necrobiosis Angioedema Panniculitis Papillonite Achromiant parakeratosis Guttate parapsoriasis Body pediculosis Scalp pediculosis Alopecia areata Bullous pemphigoid Pemphigus Perionyxis Perleche Photodermatosis Gibert’s rosé pityriasis Tinea versicolor Poikiloderma Porphyrias Prurigo Psoriasis Purpura rosacea Sarcoidosis Scarlet fever Sycosis Mouth-hand-foot syndrome Stevens-Johnson syndrome Syphilis Ringworm Bullous drug eruption Trombidiosis Tuberculosis Tungose Urticaria Varicella Necrotizing vasculitis Wart Vitiligo Vulvovaginitis Xanthoma Xeroderma pigmentosum Shingles.

List of respiratory diseases

Acute upper respiratory infections

Influenza and Pneumonia (Lung infection)

Other acute lower respiratory infections

Other diseases of the upper respiratory tract

Chronic lower respiratory diseases

Lung diseases caused by exogenous substances

Other diseases of the respiratory organs, mainly affecting the interstitium

Purulent and Necrotizing Lower Respiratory Diseases

Other diseases of the pleura

Other diseases of the respiratory system

Cancer list

List of eye diseases and disorders

Disorders of eyelid, tear apparatus and orbit Conjunctival disorders Disorders of sclera , cornea , iris and ciliary body Disorders of lens Choroid and retinal disorders Glaucoma Disorders of vitreous body and eyeball Disorders of optic nerve and optic pathways Disorders of eye muscles and disorders in binocular eye movement, accommodation and refraction Visual disturbances and blindness Other disorders of the eye and adnexes

List of genetic diseases (identified gene, unidentified gene)

Inherited diseases follow different inheritance patterns and are associated with different inheritance, recurrence and disease probabilities. A distinction is made between autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant inheritance from gonosomal and mitochondrial inheritance.

Autosomal recessive modes of inheritance

The peculiarity only appears if there is a change ( mutation ) in both copies of a certain gene on both chromosomes , i.e. That is, if the person in question has inherited one change from his biological father and one from his biological mother. The parents do not have to be affected, so the phenotype does not occur in every generation. The mutation does not have to be identical. If two mutations that can be distinguished by molecular genetics lead to the same loss of function in a gene, one speaks of compound heterozygosity . Examples of autosomal recessive inheritance are cystic fibrosis and albinismand phenylketonuria (PKU) (a defect in phenylalanine hydroxylase). Autosomal recessive inherited diseases are mostly loss-of-function mutations . The causes of apparent deviations in autosomal recessive inheritance are pseudo-dominance , heterogeneity , isodisomy and the fact that heterozygotes with sick children are not included in the calculation. Typical examples are:

• Adrenogenital syndrome (AGS)
• Maple syrup disease
• Albinism
• Alkaptonuria
• Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency
• Galactosemia
• Hereditary fructose intolerance
• Hemochromatosis
• Joubert syndrome
• Cretinism
• Short rib polydactyly syndromes (types I, II, III, IV)
• Laurence-Moon-Biedl-Bardet syndrome (LMBB syndrome)
• Cleft lip and palate
• Wilson disease
• Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS)
• Cystic fibrosis or cystic fibrosis
• Finnish type nephrotic syndrome
• Peters Plus Syndrome
• Phenylketonuria (PKU)
• Ribbing syndrome
• Thalassemia
• Xeroderma pigmentosum
• Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD)

Autosomal dominant patterns of inheritance

Here an altered allele (alleles are the mutually and at the same time oppositely corresponding genes of a diploid chromosome set) on one of the two homologous chromosomes leads to the characteristic expression. The genetic information is available on one of the 44 autosomes and is inherited regardless of gender . So women and men are equally affected. The phenotype occurs in every generation. Examples are:

• Achondroplasia
• Apert syndrome
• Brachydactyly
• Huntington’s Disease (“St. Vitus’s Dance”)
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (types I – IV, VII A / B, VIII)
• Engelmann syndrome
• Erythropoietic protoporphyria
• Factor V Leiden mutation
• Familial hypercholesterolemia
• HMSN type I (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease)
• Malignant hyperthermia
• Marfan’s Syndrome
• Darier’s disease
• Multiple cartilaginous exostoses
• Type I myotonic dystrophy
• Neurofibromatosis (Recklinghausen’s disease)
• Osteogenesis imperfecta (type I)
• Piebaldism
• Polydactyly
• Retinoblastoma
• Ruvalcaba-Myhre-Smith syndrome and
• Sickle cell anemia
• Tuberous sclerosis
• Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

Gonosomal modes of inheritance

Hereditary gonosomal diseases, i.e. those in which the change affects the sex chromosomes X or Y, are in most cases on the X chromosome, since the Y chromosome contains fewer genes. The X chromosome has 155 megabases, the Y chromosome 59 megabases. Using the example of X-linked inheritance , the following peculiarities become clear:

X-linked recessive

Girls / women are only affected if both X chromosomes are damaged, otherwise they are only carriers (conductors), d. In other words, they can pass on the changed X chromosome to their children, but do not develop a corresponding phenotype themselves. Girls / women can often compensate for the change on one X chromosome with their second X chromosome if it is not changed. Boys / men are affected if they inherit one of the changed X chromosomes from the phenotypically healthy mother, or one of the two changed X chromosomes from a phenotypically diseased mother, since boys / men definitely have one X chromosome from the Get a mother and have only this one. Boys / men are phenotypically affected more often, since girls / women compensate for the defect with the other X chromosome. Examples are glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G-6-PD deficiency),Hemophilia A and B (hemophilia), Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Fabry disease , mucopolysaccharidosis type II, muscular dystrophy (Duchenne type, Becker-Kiener type), Norrie syndrome, retinitis pigmentosa, red-green blindness, septic granulomatosis, X- SCID (severe combined immune deficiency) and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency (urea cycle defect)

X-linked dominant

Boys / men are 50% affected if their mother is a carrier of a disease-causing allele on an X chromosome . If, on the other hand, both of their X chromosomes contain the disease-causing allele, all children are affected. Overall, girls / women are more frequently affected, as the probability of receiving an altered X chromosome is higher with two X chromosomes (one from the father, one from the mother) than with boys / men (one from the mother). Examples are familial phosphatemic rickets (also called idiopathic Debré-de-Toni-Fanconi syndrome or vitamin D-resistant rickets ), Rett syndrome and orofacio-digital syndrome type 1 .

Mitochondrial or extrachromosomal inheritance

About 0.1 percent of the DNA in a human cell is not in the nucleus, but in the mitochondria . Since egg cells, unlike sperm, have several hundred thousand mitochondria, mutations in the mitochondrial DNA are only inherited on the maternal side. The same applies to the chloroplasts of photosynthetically active organisms. See also extrachromosomal inheritance

Diagnosis and treatment

If a hereditary disease is suspected, a human genetic test can provide clarity. The chromosomes are checked for numerical and structural changes. If there is an urgent suspicion of a certain genetic defect, a more extensive, complex investigation of individual gene constellations is also possible. The results can then be helpful in assessing the risk of inheritance. If the genetic make-up is peculiar to itself, it is usually not possible to act on the causes with today’s medical options. Therefore advice is usually given regarding lifestyle, education about risk factors and symptomatic measures. These are then individual decisions, especially since it is not always an illness, but often a disposition . For a few diseases, such as B. spinal muscular atrophy, there are first attempts at therapy.

History

The term genetic disease , which has only been used since the 20th century to mean genetic disease , was also often misused in the first half of the 20th century , including for alleged “diseases” such as “criminal tendencies” or “antisociality”. This thinking influenced sterilization programs and the euthanasia idea and found its extreme expression in German National Socialism, but was also present in many other countries such as the USA, England and France at the time. Today, only those diseases are called hereditary diseases that can be defined as clearly as possible and are very likely to be due to genetic defects.

Benign hereditary diseases

List of infectious diseases

Mental illness, mood disorders, personality disorders

Organic mental disorders, including symptomatic disorders

Mental and behavioral disorders related to the use of psychotropic substances

Schizophrenia, schizotype and delusional disorders

Affective Disorders

Neurotic, Stress and Somatoform Disorders

Behavioural abnormalities with physical disorders and factors

Personality and Behavioural Disorders

Intelligence Reduction

Developmental Disorders

Behavioural and emotional disorders with the beginning of childhood and adolescence

List of rare diseases

Below is a list of conditions . A condition is the collective name for symptoms, syndromes, clinical signs, diseases, disabilities and injuries.

A

• Abscess
• Acute Radiation Sickness
• Alzheimer’s disease
• Anthrax
• Appendicitis
• Allergy
• Argyll Robertson Pupil | The pupillary response to light is weak
• Arthritis
• Aseptic meningitis
• Asthma
• Astigmatism
• Atherosclerosis

B

• Bacterial meningitis
• Beriberi
• Black Death
• Botulism
• Breast cancer
• Bronchitis
• Brucellosis
• Bubonic plague
• Bunion
• Boil

C

• Campylobacter infection
• Cancer
• Candidiasis
• Carbon monoxide poisoning
• Coeliac disease
• Cerebral palsy
• Chagas disease
• Chickenpox
• Chlamydia
• Chlamydia trachomatis
• Cholera
• Chordoma
• Chorea
• Chromosome Related Inheritance Diseases for X and Y (Genetic Disorders)
• Chronic fatigue syndrome
• Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
• Colitis
• Common cold
• Condyloma
• Congestive heart disease
• Coronary heart disease
• COVID-19
• Cowpox
• Crohn’s Disease
• Coronavirus

D

• Dengue Fever
• Diabetes mellitus
• Diphtheria
• Dehydration
• Dysentery

E

• Ear infection
• Ebola
• Encephalitis
• Emphysema
• Epilepsy
• Erectile dysfunction
• Erotomania
• Eye diseases

F

• Fibromyalgia
• Foodborne illness
• Fragile X syndrome (FXS) or Martin Bell Syndrome (MBS) causes intellectual disability, behavioral problems, and physical abnormalities

G

• Gangrene
• Gastroenteritis
• Genital herpes
• GERD
• Goitre
• Gonorrhea

H

• Heart diseases
• Hemianopsia
• Hepatitis A
• Hepatitis B
• Hepatitis C
• Hepatitis D
• Hepatitis E
• Histiocytosis (childhood cancer)
• HIV
• Human papillomavirus
• Huntington’s disease
• Hypermetropia
• Hyperopia
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hypothyroid
• Hypotonia

I

• Impetigo
• Infertility
• Influenza
• Interstitial cystitis

• Iritis
• Iron-deficiency anemia
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Ignious Syndrome
• Intestine ache
• Intestine Gas
• Intestine disease
• Upset Intestine

J

• Jaundice

K

• Keloids
• Kuru
• Kwashiorkor
• Kidney stone disease

L

• Laryngitis
• Lead poisoning
• Legionellosis
• Leishmaniasis
• Leprosy
• Leptospirosis
• Listeriosis
• Leukemia
• Lice
• Loiasis
• Lung cancer
• Lupus erythematosus
• Lyme disease
• Lymphogranuloma venereum
• Lymphoma
• Limbtoosa

M

• Mad cow disease
• Malaria
• Marburg fever
• Measles
• Melanoma
• Metastatic cancer
• Meniere’s disease
• Meningitis
• Migraine
• Mononucleosis
• Multiple myeloma
• Multiple sclerosis
• Mumps
• Muscular dystrophy
• Myasthenia gravis
• Myelitis
• Myoclonus
• Myopia
• Myxedema
• Morquio Syndrome
• Mattticular syndrome
• Mononucleosis

N

• Neoplasm
• Non-gonococcal urethritis
• Necrotizing Fasciitis
• Night blindness

O

• Obesity
• Osteoarthritis
• Osteoporosis
• Otitis

P

• Palindromic rheumatism
• Paratyphoid fever
• Parkinson’s disease
• PEComa (Perivascular epithelioid cell tumor) | Non-cancerous soft tissue tumors and Malignant Pecomas
• Pelvic inflammatory disease
• Peritonitis
• Periodontal disease
• Pertussis
• Phenylketonuria
• Plague
• Poliomyelitis
• Porphyria
• Presbyopia (old eyes)
• Progeria
• Prostatitis
• Psittacosis
• Psoriasis
• Pubic lice
• Pulmonary embolism
• Pilia
• pneumonia

Q

• Q fever
• Ques fever

R

• Rabies
• Red eyes
• Retinal diseases
• Repetitive strain injury
• Rheumatic fever
• Rheumatic heart
• Rheumatism
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Rickets
• Rift Valley fever
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• Rubella

S

• Salmonellosis
• Scabies
• Scarlet fever
• Sciatica
• Scleroderma
• Scleritis (Sclera is the white part of eyeball) eye diseases
• Scrapie
• Scurvy
• Sepsis
• Septicemia
• SARS
• Shigellosis
• Shin splints
• Shingles
• Sickle-cell anemia
• Siderosis
• SIDS
• Silicosis
• Smallpox
• Stevens–Johnson syndrome
• Stomach flu
• Stomach ulcers
• Strabismus (crossed eyes)
• Strep throat
• Streptococcal infection
• Synovitis
• Syphilis
• Swine influenza
• Schizophrenia
• Stomach Gas
• Stomach Ache
• stomach Disease
• Kids Stomach Ache
• Upset Stomach

T

• Taeniasis
• Tay-Sachs disease
• Tennis elbow
• Teratoma
• Testicle pain
• Tetanus
• Thalassaemia
• Thrush
• Thymoma
• Tinnitus
• Tonsillitis
• Tooth decay
• Toxic shock syndrome
• Trichinosis
• Trichomoniasis
• Trisomy (Down syndrome)
• Tuberculosis
• Tularemia
• Tungiasis
• Typhoid fever
• Typhus
• Tumor

U

• Ulcerative colitis
• Ulcers
• Uremia
• Urticaria
• Uveitis
• UTI’S

V

• Varicella
• Varicose veins
• Vasovagal syncope
• Vitiligo
• Von Hippel-Lindau disease
• Viral fever
• Viral meningitis

W

• Warkany syndrome
• Warts
• Watkins

Y

• Yellow fever
• Yersiniosis

Sources: PinterPandai, Health On the Net (NGO), Notice: Information in CleverlySmart.com is updated on a regular basis. It may happen that new discoveries are made in between updates and do not yet appear in the disease profile. The date of the last update is indicated. Professionals are always encouraged to consult the most recent publications before making any decisions based on the information provided available in your own country. Information in CleverlySmart.com is not intended to replace professional health care. CleverlySmart.com cannot be held responsible for harmful, truncated or erroneous use of any information found in the CleverlySmart.com database.

Photo credit: Public Domain Pictures