A Comprehensive List of Dermatological Diseases and Their Descriptions

This is a comprehensive list of dermatological diseases that provides detailed descriptions of various skin, hair, and nail conditions, including their symptoms, causes, risk factors, and treatment options, to help individuals better understand and manage their dermatological health.

Signs can include itching, pain, and hyperhidrosis. Physical signs include: vitropression effect, Nikolsky’s sign, Wood’s lamp fluorescence, and Blaschko lines.
Dermatological investigations include skin biopsy.

This article contains sensitive content of skin conditions.

List of dermatological diseases

Signs can include itching, pain, and hyperhidrosis. Physical signs include: vitropression effect, Nikolsky’s sign, Wood’s lamp fluorescence, and Blaschko lines.
Dermatological investigations include skin biopsy.

Dermatological lesions

1. Atrophies: This refers to a thinning or shrinkage of the skin. Common examples of atrophies include striae, which are stretch marks, and senile purpura, which are bruises that occur in older individuals with thin skin.
2. Blisters or Bubbles: These are fluid-filled sacs that form on the surface of the skin. They can be caused by a variety of factors, including friction, burns, and certain medical conditions.
3. Dyschromia: This refers to any change in skin color. Common examples of dyschromia include hyperpigmentation, which is an increase in skin color, and hypopigmentation, which is a decrease in skin color.
4. Erythema (and exanthema): Erythema refers to redness of the skin, while exanthema refers to a widespread rash. These can be caused by a variety of factors, including infection, allergy, and autoimmune conditions.
5. Keratosis: This refers to the overgrowth of keratin, a protein found in the skin. Common examples of keratosis include actinic keratosis, which is caused by sun damage, and seborrheic keratosis, which is a benign growth that often appears as a waxy, stuck-on lesion.
6. Macules: These are flat, discolored spots on the skin. Examples of macules include freckles and age spots.
7. Nodules: These are solid, raised lesions that can be caused by a variety of factors, including infection, inflammation, and tumors.
8. Papules: These are small, raised bumps on the skin. Examples of papules include acne and warts.
9. Purpuras: These are bruises caused by bleeding under the skin. They can be caused by a variety of factors, including trauma and certain medical conditions.
10. Pustules: These are raised bumps on the skin that are filled with pus. Examples of pustules include acne and impetigo.
11. Scales: These are flakes of dead skin that can be caused by a variety of factors, including dry skin and psoriasis.
12. Sclerosis: This refers to a hardening of the skin. Common examples of sclerosis include scleroderma, which is an autoimmune condition that causes hardening and tightening of the skin, and keloids, which are raised scars that form after injury.
13. Tumors: These are abnormal growths of cells that can be benign or malignant. Examples of skin tumors include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
14. Ulcerations: These are open sores on the skin that can be caused by a variety of factors, including infection, injury, and certain medical conditions.
15. Vegetations or Condylomas: These are wart-like growths on the skin that are caused by certain viruses, including human papillomavirus (HPV).
16. Vesicles: These are small, fluid-filled sacs that can be caused by a variety of factors, including infection and allergic reactions. Examples of vesicles include herpes simplex virus (HSV) and chickenpox.

Dermatological pathologies

Here are some the explanations and details for each of the dermatological pathologies:

Acanthosis nigricans

Is a skin condition that causes dark, thick, and velvety patches of skin, typically on the neck, armpits, and groin area. It is associated with insulin resistance, obesity, and hormonal disorders. Treatment includes managing underlying conditions, such as diabetes or obesity, as well as topical creams and laser therapy to improve the appearance of the affected areas.

Acanthosis nigricans. Familial acanthosis nigricans, 13-year-old boy with an 8-year history of generalized hyperpigmentation and velvety thickening of the skin. Based on the history and clinical examination a diagnosis of benign AN was considered. The diagnosis of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis was considered, but was excluded on the basis of negative history and histopathological findings. The patient was treated with oral vitamin A , topical retinoids, and keratolytics. After follow up for one year neither. Vandana Mehta Rai MD DNB, C Balachandran MD, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons endocrinological nor malignant diseases have developed.

Achromia (hypopigmentation)

Also known as hypopigmentation, is a condition characterized by the loss of pigment in the skin, resulting in white or lighter colored patches. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, autoimmune disorders, and skin damage. Treatment options may include topical medications, phototherapy, or skin grafting.

Symptoms: Acanthosis nigricans is a skin condition characterized by dark, thick, and velvety patches of skin that usually develop on the neck, armpits, and groin. It may also cause mild itching, and in rare cases, the affected skin may become thicker and harder.

Hypopigmentation in vitiligo. Produnis, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Causes: Acanthosis nigricans is often associated with insulin resistance, obesity, and hormonal imbalances. It may also be a side effect of certain medications, such as oral contraceptives or corticosteroids. Rarely, it can be a sign of an underlying medical condition, such as cancer or autoimmune disorders.

Treatment: Treatment for acanthosis nigricans may involve addressing the underlying medical condition, if present. Lifestyle changes, such as weight loss and increased physical activity, can also be helpful in managing insulin resistance and obesity-related acanthosis nigricans. Topical medications, such as retinoids and keratolytics, can improve the appearance of affected skin.

Acne

Is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells, leading to the formation of pimples, blackheads, and whiteheads. It is most commonly associated with hormonal changes during puberty, but can also be caused by stress, certain medications, and other underlying conditions. Treatment options may include topical or oral medications, chemical peels, and light therapy. Proper skin care, such as gentle cleansing and avoiding certain cosmetics, can also help manage acne.

Symptoms: Acne is a common skin condition characterized by the presence of pimples, blackheads, and whiteheads on the face, neck, chest, and back. It may also cause inflammation, redness, and scarring.

Causes: Acne is caused by a combination of factors, including excess oil production, clogged hair follicles, and bacterial overgrowth. Hormonal changes, certain medications, and diet may also contribute to the development of acne.

Treatment: Treatment for acne may involve topical medications, such as benzoyl peroxide and retinoids, or oral medications, such as antibiotics or hormonal therapies. In severe cases, procedures such as chemical peels or laser therapy may be recommended.

Alopecia

Is a condition that causes hair loss, often in patches on the scalp, but it can also affect other areas of the body. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, autoimmune disorders, and certain medications. Treatment options may include topical or oral medications, corticosteroid injections, and hair transplantation surgery.

Symptoms: Alopecia is a condition that causes hair loss on the scalp or other areas of the body. It may cause bald patches or thinning hair, and in rare cases, complete hair loss.

Causes: Alopecia can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, autoimmune disorders, and hormonal imbalances. It may also be a side effect of certain medications or a complication of other medical conditions.

Treatment: Treatment for alopecia depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, topical medications, such as minoxidil, may be used to promote hair growth. Oral medications, such as corticosteroids or immunosuppressants, may also be recommended. In some cases, hair transplant surgery may be an option.

Amyloidosis

Is a rare condition that occurs when an abnormal protein called amyloid builds up in various tissues and organs, including the skin. It can cause a variety of skin symptoms, such as itching, bruising, and a thickened or waxy appearance. Treatment options may include medications to reduce amyloid production, as well as supportive therapies to manage symptoms.

Symptoms: Amyloidosis is a rare condition that occurs when abnormal proteins, called amyloid, build up in various organs and tissues, including the skin. Skin-related symptoms may include thickened or waxy skin, purple or red patches, and easy bruising or bleeding.

Causes: Amyloidosis can be caused by genetic mutations, or it may develop as a complication of other medical conditions, such as multiple myeloma or rheumatoid arthritis.

Treatment: managing underlying health conditions, chemotherapy, and stem cell transplantation.

Fixed pigmented erythema

Is a skin condition characterized by reddish-brown patches or spots that remain unchanged over time. It usually affects the face, neck, and trunk. It can occur due to a variety of causes, such as exposure to sunlight, certain medications, and genetic factors.

Symptoms: reddish-brown patches on the skin that do not change size or color with time, often found on the face or neck. Causes: unknown, but possibly a reaction to medications or chemicals, sun exposure, or genetics. Treatment: Topical or oral corticosteroids, topical tacrolimus, and topical retinoids.

Erythema multiforme

Is a type of hypersensitivity reaction of the skin and mucous membranes that can be triggered by infections, medications, or other factors. It usually presents as red, raised, and sometimes blistering lesions on the skin that can be painful or itchy. The lesions typically have a characteristic target-like appearance, with a red outer ring and a paler center.

Symptoms: red, raised skin lesions, often with a target-like appearance, on the hands, feet, face, and trunk, accompanied by fever and flu-like symptoms. Causes: most commonly caused by a reaction to medications, but can also be triggered by infections or autoimmune diseases. Treatment: Discontinuing the causative agent if drug-induced, supportive care, and symptomatic treatment such as antihistamines, corticosteroids, and pain relievers. Severe cases may require hospitalization and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy.

Erythroderma

Is a rare skin condition characterized by widespread redness and scaling of the skin. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including underlying skin diseases, medications, and infections. The condition can be accompanied by itching, pain, and fever. Erythroderma is a medical emergency that requires prompt evaluation and treatment.

Symptoms: Erythroderma is a rare skin disorder characterized by redness and scaling of the entire skin surface. The skin may also be thickened, itchy, and painful. In severe cases, there may be blistering, oozing, or crusting.
Causes: Erythroderma can be caused by a variety of factors including allergic reactions, drug reactions, infections, or pre-existing skin conditions such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, or cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

Treatment: Treatment for erythroderma depends on the underlying cause. In many cases, hospitalization may be required to manage severe symptoms. Treatment options may include topical or oral corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, or antibiotics if an infection is present.

Erythrasma

Is a bacterial skin infection caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum. It usually affects moist areas of the skin, such as the groin, armpits, and between the toes. The infection can cause red, scaly patches on the skin that may be itchy or painful. Treatment typically involves the use of topical or oral antibiotics.

Symptoms:
Erythrasma is a bacterial infection of the skin that typically affects moist areas of the body such as the groin, armpits, and toes. It is characterized by red, scaly patches that may itch or burn.
Causes:
Erythrasma is caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium minutissimum. Factors that increase the risk of developing erythrasma include warm and humid environments, obesity, diabetes, and poor hygiene.

Treatment:
Erythrasma can be treated with topical or oral antibiotics. In addition, keeping the affected area clean and dry can help prevent recurrence.

Pressure sore (Decubitus)

Also known as a bed sore or pressure ulcer, a pressure sore is a type of skin injury that occurs due to prolonged pressure on the skin. It usually develops on bony areas such as the hips, back, elbows, and heels. It is commonly seen in individuals who are bedridden or have difficulty moving, and can range from a mild redness to a deep, open wound.

Pressure ulcer or bed sores. Stage 4 decubitus displaying the Gluteus medius muscle attached to the crest of the ilium. Bobjgalindo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Symptoms:
A pressure sore, also known as a bedsore or decubitus ulcer, is a skin injury that occurs when prolonged pressure on the skin compresses underlying tissues. The skin may appear red, swollen, or tender and may eventually develop an open sore or blister.
Causes:
Pressure sores can develop in people who are bedridden or confined to a wheelchair for extended periods of time. Factors that increase the risk of developing pressure sores include immobility, malnutrition, and incontinence.

Treatment:
Treatment for pressure sores depends on the severity of the injury. Mild cases may be treated with topical ointments or dressings. More severe cases may require debridement (removal of dead tissue) or surgical intervention.

Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter (syndrome)

This is a rare autoimmune disorder that can affect the skin, joints, and eyes. It is characterized by a triad of symptoms that include arthritis, urethritis, and conjunctivitis. Skin involvement in the form of red, scaly patches and painful nodules can also occur.
Folliculitis: This is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become infected with bacteria, fungi, or viruses. It can appear as small, red bumps that are often itchy or painful, and may contain pus. Folliculitis can occur anywhere on the body where hair grows, including the scalp, face, neck, chest, back, and legs.

Symptoms:
Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects multiple systems of the body. Symptoms may include joint pain, eye inflammation, skin rashes, and genital ulcers.
Causes:
The exact cause of Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter syndrome is unknown, but it is thought to be triggered by an infection in people who are genetically predisposed to the condition.

Treatment:
Treatment for Fiessinger-Leroy-Reiter syndrome may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) to manage symptoms and prevent joint damage. Antibiotics may also be prescribed if there is evidence of an underlying infection.

Boil

A boil, also known as a furuncle, is a painful, pus-filled lump that develops on the skin. It usually starts as a red, tender bump and gradually becomes larger and more painful as it fills with pus. Boils can occur anywhere on the body, but are most commonly seen on the face, neck, armpits, buttocks, and thighs.

Symptoms:
A boil, also known as a furuncle, is a painful, pus-filled bump that forms beneath the skin. Boils can occur anywhere on the body but are most commonly found on the face, neck, armpits, and buttocks.
Causes:
Boils are caused by a bacterial infection of a hair follicle. Factors that increase the risk of developing boils include poor hygiene, compromised immune system, and skin injuries.

Treatment:
Treatment for boils may include warm compresses to encourage drainage, topical or oral antibiotics to treat the infection, and in some cases, surgical drainage of the abscess. It is important to keep the affected area clean and avoid picking at the boil to prevent further infection. In some cases, recurrent boils may require further medical evaluation to rule out underlying medical conditions such as diabetes or immune system disorders.

Scabies

Scabies is a highly contagious skin infestation caused by a tiny mite called Sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterized by intense itching and a rash that often appears as small, red bumps or blisters. Scabies is usually spread through close physical contact with an infected person, and can affect people of all ages.

Symptoms:
Scabies is a contagious skin infestation caused by a mite called Sarcoptes scabiei. Symptoms include intense itching, especially at night, and a rash with small red bumps and blisters. The rash may appear on the skin between fingers, wrists, elbows, armpits, waistline, genitals, and buttocks.
Causes:
Scabies is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, which burrows into the skin to lay eggs. It is highly contagious and can be transmitted through close personal contact, such as sexual contact or prolonged skin-to-skin contact.

Treatment:
Treatment for scabies usually involves the use of prescription-strength creams or lotions that kill the mites and eggs. Antihistamines or topical steroids can help relieve itching. All clothing, bedding, and towels should be washed in hot water to kill any mites or eggs.

Gangrene

This is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when a part of the body loses its blood supply and begins to die. It most commonly affects the fingers, toes, and limbs, and can be caused by a number of factors including injury, infection, and poor circulation. Symptoms of gangrene may include severe pain, swelling, and discoloration of the affected area.

Symptoms: Gangrene is a serious condition that occurs when a body tissue dies due to a lack of blood supply. Symptoms include pain, swelling, redness, blisters, and the skin may turn black, blue, or green.
Causes: Gangrene can be caused by a variety of factors, including diabetes, peripheral arterial disease, atherosclerosis, and injury to the skin.

Treatment: Treatment for gangrene typically involves removing the affected tissue and treating the underlying cause. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to amputate the affected limb or tissue. Antibiotics may also be prescribed to treat any underlying infections.

Granuloma annulare

This is a chronic inflammatory condition that results in the formation of firm, round bumps or lesions on the skin, typically on the hands and feet. The exact cause of granuloma annulare is unknown, but it may be related to a genetic predisposition or an immune system response to an infection or injury.

Symptoms:
Granuloma annulare is a chronic skin condition characterized by small, firm, raised bumps on the skin that form rings. The bumps may be skin-colored or reddish-purple and usually appear on the hands, feet, elbows, or knees. The rash is usually asymptomatic, but itching or burning sensations may occur.
Causes:
The exact cause of granuloma annulare is unknown, but it may be related to an immune system dysfunction. It can be associated with thyroid disease, diabetes, and HIV.

Treatment:
Treatment for granuloma annulare may involve topical or oral corticosteroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors, or cryotherapy (freezing the affected area with liquid nitrogen). In some cases, the rash may resolve on its own without treatment.

Herpes

Herpes is a viral infection that causes painful blisters or sores on the skin, usually around the mouth or genitals. The herpes virus can be transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, and there is no cure for the infection, although antiviral medications can help manage symptoms and reduce the frequency of outbreaks.

Symptoms:
Herpes is a common viral infection that causes painful blisters or sores on the mouth, lips, or genitals. The blisters may break open, leaving tender ulcers that can take several weeks to heal. Flu-like symptoms, such as fever, headache, and swollen lymph nodes, may also occur.
Causes:
Herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and is spread through direct contact with an infected person’s skin or bodily fluids, such as saliva or genital secretions.

Treatment:
Treatment for herpes includes antiviral medications, such as acyclovir, valacyclovir, or famciclovir, which can reduce the severity and duration of symptoms. Pain relievers and topical creams or ointments may also be used to relieve discomfort and speed up healing.

Ichthyosis

This is a group of genetic disorders that affect the skin’s ability to shed dead cells, leading to the buildup of thick, scaly patches of skin. There are many types of ichthyosis, each with varying degrees of severity and onset, and treatment may involve moisturizing creams, topical or oral medications, or light therapy.

Symptoms: Ichthyosis is a group of genetic skin disorders that result in dry, scaly, and thickened skin. Symptoms vary depending on the type of ichthyosis, but may include scales that are white, gray, or brown in color, itchy and dry skin, and cracks or splits in the skin.

Causes: Ichthyosis is caused by genetic mutations that affect the production of proteins that are essential for skin development and maintenance. It can be inherited in an autosomal dominant or recessive manner.

Treatment: Treatment for ichthyosis typically involves managing the symptoms, including keeping the skin moisturized with emollients, using topical retinoids to reduce scaling, and taking oral retinoids or other medications to improve skin texture and reduce itching. In severe cases, phototherapy or other advanced treatments may be necessary.

Impetigo

Impetigo is a bacterial infection that causes red, itchy sores or blisters on the skin, typically around the mouth and nose. The infection is highly contagious and can spread easily through close contact, so it is important to keep the affected area clean and avoid scratching the sores.

Symptoms: Impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial skin infection that commonly affects young children. Symptoms include red, oozing sores that eventually burst and leave a yellow-brown crust. The sores may be itchy, and lymph nodes in the affected area may become swollen.
Causes: Impetigo is caused by a bacterial infection, usually Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes. It can be spread through close contact, such as touching the infected skin, sharing personal items like towels, or from contact with infected clothing or bedding.

Treatment: Treatment for impetigo typically involves antibiotic creams or oral antibiotics. The sores should be kept clean and covered with gauze or a dressing to prevent spreading. All clothing and bedding should be washed in hot water and dried on high heat to kill any bacteria.

Intertrigo

Intertrigo is a skin condition that occurs when skin folds rub against each other, leading to irritation, inflammation, and infection. The condition is common in overweight individuals and those with diabetes or other medical conditions that affect the skin’s ability to heal, and treatment may involve keeping the affected area dry, using topical or oral medications, or surgery in severe cases.

Symptoms: Intertrigo is a common skin condition that occurs in areas where the skin folds, such as the armpits, groin, and under the breasts. Symptoms include redness, itching, burning, and sometimes, painful cracks or blisters.
Causes: Intertrigo is caused by a combination of factors, including moisture, heat, and friction. It can be exacerbated by obesity, diabetes, poor hygiene, and certain medications.

Treatment: Treatment for intertrigo involves keeping the affected area clean and dry. Over-the-counter creams or ointments containing zinc oxide or hydrocortisone may help relieve symptoms. Severe cases may require prescription-strength topical or oral medications.

Actinic keratosis

A precancerous skin condition that results from long-term exposure to sunlight. It appears as rough, scaly patches on the skin, usually on sun-exposed areas such as the face, scalp, and arms. It is most commonly seen in fair-skinned individuals over the age of 40.

Symptoms: Actinic keratosis is a skin condition that results from prolonged sun exposure. Symptoms include rough, scaly patches of skin that may be pink, red, or brown. The patches may be itchy or tender and may bleed if scratched or rubbed.
Causes: Actinic keratosis is caused by long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. It is most common in fair-skinned individuals and those who live in sunny areas.

Treatment: Treatment for actinic keratosis may involve cryotherapy (freezing the affected area with liquid nitrogen), topical chemotherapy, or photodynamic therapy (using a special light to activate a medication that destroys abnormal cells). In some cases, surgical removal may be necessary.

Keratosis pilaris

A common benign skin condition that causes small, rough bumps on the skin. It usually appears on the upper arms, thighs, and buttocks, and may also occur on the face. It is caused by the buildup of keratin, a protein that protects the skin from infections and other harmful substances.

Symptoms: Keratosis pilaris is a common skin condition that causes small, rough bumps on the skin, usually on the arms, thighs, cheeks, or buttocks. The bumps may be white, red, or brown and may be surrounded by dry, flaky skin.
Causes: Keratosis pilaris is caused by an overproduction of keratin, a protein that protects the skin. It is often associated with dry skin and eczema.

Treatment: Treatment for keratosis pilaris involves moisturizing the affected area regularly and using exfoliating creams or scrubs to remove dead skin cells. In some cases, topical retinoids or corticosteroids may be prescribed to help reduce inflammation and improve the appearance of the skin.

Leishmaniasis

A parasitic infection caused by the Leishmania parasite that is transmitted by the bite of infected sandflies. It can cause a range of skin lesions, including nodules, ulcers, and papules, which may be painful and itchy. The lesions can last for months or even years if left untreated.

Symptoms: Leishmaniasis is a parasitic infection that is transmitted by the bite of infected sandflies. Symptoms vary depending on the type of leishmaniasis, but may include skin sores, fever, and enlarged spleen and liver.

Causes: Leishmaniasis is caused by parasites of the Leishmania species, which are transmitted by the bite of infected sandflies. The disease is most common in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in areas with poor living conditions and inadequate sanitation.

Treatment: Treatment for leishmaniasis depends on the type and severity of the infection. Mild cases may not require treatment, as the body’s immune system can often clear the infection. In more severe cases, medication may be necessary to kill the parasites, including antimonial drugs, pentamidine, and amphotericin B. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove affected tissue. Prevention involves avoiding sandfly bites by using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding outdoor activities at dusk and dawn when sandflies are most active.

Meadow (Erythema Multiforme)

A type of rash that appears on the skin after exposure to sunlight. It is characterized by red, itchy, and sometimes painful bumps or blisters. It is caused by an abnormal reaction of the immune system to sunlight and is most commonly seen in individuals with fair skin.

Erythema multiforme minor of the hands (note the blanching centers of the lesion). James Heilman, MD, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Symptoms: Erythema Multiforme or “Meadow” is a skin condition that results in a rash, which can appear as red, raised bumps or as large, flat, target-like lesions. The rash may be itchy or painful and can occur on the arms, legs, hands, feet, and face.

Causes: The cause of Erythema Multiforme is often unknown, but it is thought to be triggered by infections, medications, or other factors that can cause an immune response. Herpes simplex virus is a common trigger for this condition. Its causes are varied: viral, bacterial or fungal (dermatophyte) infections, drug origin, cancers, inflammatory diseases.

Treatment: Treatment for Erythema Multiforme involves identifying and treating the underlying cause, if possible. Medications like antihistamines, corticosteroids, or immune-suppressing drugs may be prescribed to relieve symptoms and reduce inflammation.

Leukokeratosis

A condition characterized by white, thickened patches on the skin or mucous membranes, such as the inside of the mouth. It is often caused by chronic irritation or inflammation, and may be associated with tobacco use or other factors. It is usually benign, but in some cases may develop into cancer.

Symptoms: Leukokeratosis is a skin condition that results in white patches on the skin, which may appear scaly, rough, or thickened. The patches may occur anywhere on the body, but are most commonly found on the mucous membranes of the mouth, genitals, and anus.

Causes: The cause of leukokeratosis is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to chronic irritation, infection, or other factors that can cause changes in the skin cells.

Treatment: Treatment for leukokeratosis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In mild cases, no treatment may be necessary, but regular monitoring may be recommended. In more severe cases, medications or other treatments may be prescribed to reduce inflammation, improve skin texture, or remove the affected tissue.

Lichen planus

Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the skin, mucous membranes, nails, and hair. It appears as itchy, flat-topped, polygonal, purple or reddish-brown papules or plaques on the skin. In the mouth, it can cause white, lacy patches or sores. The exact cause of lichen planus is unknown, but it is thought to be an autoimmune disorder. Treatment may include topical or oral corticosteroids, antihistamines, or immunosuppressive drugs.

Symptoms: Lichen Planus is a chronic inflammatory condition that can affect the skin, mucous membranes, and nails. It results in flat-topped, itchy, purple or reddish bumps or patches on the skin, which may have fine white streaks or lines. The rash may occur anywhere on the body, but is most common on the wrists, ankles, and lower back.

Causes: The cause of Lichen Planus is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to an autoimmune reaction, infections, or other factors that can cause an immune response.

Treatment: Treatment for Lichen Planus depends on the location and severity of the condition. Topical corticosteroids or immunomodulating agents may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and relieve symptoms. For severe cases, systemic medications like corticosteroids, antihistamines, or immune-suppressing drugs may be necessary.

Scleroatrophic lichen

Scleroatrophic lichen is a rare subtype of lichen planus that affects the skin, typically in the genital area. It appears as white, flat-topped papules or plaques with central atrophy and scarring. It can cause itching, pain, and difficulty with sexual activity. The exact cause is unknown, but it is thought to be an autoimmune disorder. Treatment may include topical or oral corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, or other medications.

Symptoms: Scleroatrophic Lichen is a rare skin condition that results in white, scaly patches on the skin, which may appear thickened and hardened. The patches may occur anywhere on the body, but are most common on the lower legs and feet.

Causes: The cause of Scleroatrophic Lichen is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to chronic inflammation or an autoimmune reaction.

Treatment: Treatment for Scleroatrophic Lichen involves managing symptoms and preventing complications, like infections or ulcerations. Topical corticosteroids, immunomodulating agents, or other medications may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and relieve symptoms. In severe cases, surgery or other advanced treatments may be necessary.

Livedo

Livedo is a skin condition that appears as a mottled, bluish-purple discoloration on the skin. It can occur in various patterns and may be related to a number of underlying medical conditions, such as autoimmune diseases, vasculitis, or clotting disorders. Treatment depends on the underlying cause.

Symptoms:
Livedo is a skin condition characterized by a mottled, net-like discoloration of the skin. It may appear as red or purple patches on the skin, which are caused by changes in the blood vessels. Livedo can occur anywhere on the body, but is most common on the legs, arms, and trunk.

Causes:
Livedo is often associated with underlying medical conditions, such as autoimmune disorders, clotting disorders, or infections. In some cases, it may be a side effect of certain medications.

Treatment:
Treatment for livedo depends on the underlying cause. Medications may be prescribed to manage the underlying condition, such as anticoagulants for clotting disorders or immunosuppressants for autoimmune disorders. In some cases, cosmetic treatments may be used to improve the appearance of the skin.

Lupus erythematosus

Lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect the skin, joints, kidneys, heart, lungs, and other organs. It appears as a red, scaly rash on the face, scalp, or other areas of the body. Other symptoms may include joint pain, fatigue, fever, and kidney problems. Treatment may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, or other medications.

Young woman with the distinctive butterfly rash that many individuals with lupus experience. Doktorinternet, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Symptoms:
Lupus Erythematosus is an autoimmune disorder that can affect the skin, joints, and organs. It may cause a range of symptoms, including a butterfly-shaped rash on the face, joint pain, fatigue, fever, and kidney problems.

Causes:
The cause of Lupus Erythematosus is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Treatment:
Treatment for Lupus Erythematosus depends on the severity of the condition and the organs affected. Medications like corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and antimalarials may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms. Lifestyle modifications, such as avoiding sun exposure and quitting smoking, may also be recommended.

Lyell syndrome

Lyell syndrome, also known as toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), is a rare and potentially life-threatening skin reaction that is often triggered by a medication. It causes the top layer of skin to peel off, leaving large, painful areas of raw skin. It can also affect the eyes, mouth, and other mucous membranes. Treatment typically involves hospitalization and supportive care, such as pain management, fluid replacement, and wound care.

Symptoms:
Lyell Syndrome, also known as toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), is a rare but serious skin condition characterized by widespread skin blistering and shedding. The condition may cause flu-like symptoms, fever, and severe pain.

Causes:
Lyell Syndrome is often triggered by an adverse reaction to medications, such as antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and NSAIDs. It may also be caused by infections, malignancies, or autoimmune disorders.

Treatment:
Treatment for Lyell Syndrome involves immediate hospitalization and discontinuation of the offending medication. Supportive care, such as fluid replacement, wound care, and pain management, may be necessary. In severe cases, skin grafting or other surgical interventions may be required.

Plantar Perforator

Plantar perforator is a type of venous insufficiency that affects the veins in the foot. It occurs when the valves in the veins of the foot become damaged or fail to function correctly, causing blood to pool in the veins. This can lead to the development of varicose veins, ulcers, and other complications.

Symptoms:
Plantar Perforator is a skin condition characterized by small, painful nodules on the soles of the feet. The nodules may be red or brown and may cause discomfort while walking.

Causes:
The cause of Plantar Perforator is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to chronic pressure or trauma to the feet.

Treatment:
Treatment for Plantar Perforator may involve padding or orthotic devices to relieve pressure on the affected area. Steroid injections or surgical removal of the nodules may also be considered in some cases.

Occupational Disease

Occupational diseases are illnesses or health conditions that are caused by exposure to hazardous substances or conditions in the workplace. These conditions can include respiratory diseases, skin diseases, cancers, and other health problems.

Symptoms: Occupational diseases are conditions that result from exposure to hazards in the workplace. They may cause a range of symptoms, depending on the specific disease and the extent of exposure. Examples of occupational diseases include lung diseases, skin disorders, and cancer.

Causes: Occupational diseases are caused by exposure to hazardous substances or conditions in the workplace. These may include chemicals, dusts, radiation, and infectious agents.

Treatment: Treatment for occupational diseases depends on the specific condition and the extent of damage. It may involve supportive care, such as oxygen therapy or pain management, or may require more intensive interventions, such as surgery or chemotherapy. Prevention of further exposure to the hazardous substance, and it is crucial in managing occupational diseases.

Mastocytosis

Mastocytosis is a rare disorder characterized by the accumulation of mast cells in various organs and tissues of the body. This can lead to a range of symptoms, including skin rashes, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and anaphylaxis.

Symptoms: Mastocytosis is a rare condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of mast cells in the skin or other organs. Symptoms may include skin lesions, itching, flushing, abdominal pain, and difficulty breathing.

Causes: Mastocytosis is caused by a genetic mutation that results in the overproduction of mast cells. The condition may be inherited or may occur spontaneously.

Treatment: Treatment for mastocytosis depends on the severity and location of the disease. Medications, such as antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers, and corticosteroids, may be prescribed to manage symptoms. In severe cases, chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be necessary. Lifestyle modifications, such as avoiding triggers and wearing protective clothing, may also be recommended.

Melanoma

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that develops from the pigment-producing cells in the skin called melanocytes. It is the most dangerous form of skin cancer because it can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated. The main risk factors for melanoma include excessive sun exposure, a history of sunburns, and a family history of the disease.

Symptoms: Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that usually appears as a new or changing mole on the skin. Symptoms may include asymmetrical mole, border irregularity, color variation, diameter greater than 6mm, or evolving size or shape.

Causes: Melanoma is caused by the uncontrolled growth of melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells in the skin. Risk factors for melanoma include excessive sun exposure, fair skin, family history of melanoma, and certain genetic mutations.

Treatment: Treatment for melanoma depends on the stage and location of the cancer. Surgery is the primary treatment, and may involve removal of the tumor and nearby lymph nodes. Other treatments may include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy.

Miliary

Miliary is a type of skin rash that is characterized by small, red bumps that resemble millet seeds. It can be caused by a variety of conditions, including infections, autoimmune disorders, and certain medications.

Symptoms: Miliary refers to the appearance of small, pinhead-sized bumps on the skin. These bumps may be red or flesh-colored and may be itchy or painful.

Causes: Miliary may be caused by a variety of conditions, including fungal infections, bacterial infections, or viral infections. It may also be a symptom of an underlying systemic condition, such as sarcoidosis or tuberculosis.

Treatment: Treatment for miliary depends on the underlying cause. Antifungal, antibacterial, or antiviral medications may be prescribed to treat infections. In some cases, treatment of the underlying condition may be necessary.

Mucinosis

Mucinosis is a rare disorder that affects the skin and is characterized by the accumulation of a substance called mucin in the skin tissues. This can lead to the development of lesions, thickening of the skin, and other skin abnormalities. There are several types of mucinosis, including primary cutaneous mucinosis, scleromyxedema, and lichen myxedematosus.

Symptoms: Mucinosis is a condition in which the skin becomes thickened and leathery, and may have a waxy or greasy appearance. The affected skin may be itchy or painful.

Causes: Mucinosis may be caused by a variety of conditions, including systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and lymphoma. It may also occur as a result of exposure to certain medications or chemicals.

Treatment: Treatment for mucinosis depends on the underlying cause. Medications, such as corticosteroids, may be prescribed to manage symptoms. In some cases, treatment of the underlying condition may be necessary.

Molluscum contagiosum

Molluscum contagiosum is a viral infection that affects the skin. It is caused by a poxvirus and is characterized by the development of small, raised, pearl-like bumps on the skin. These bumps may be itchy or tender and can occur anywhere on the body.

Symptoms: Molluscum contagiosum is a viral skin infection that usually appears as small, raised bumps on the skin. These bumps may be flesh-colored, pink, or white and may have a central indentation.

Causes: Molluscum contagiosum is caused by a virus and is highly contagious. It is most commonly spread through skin-to-skin contact or by sharing towels or other personal items.

Treatment: Treatment for molluscum contagiosum may involve physical removal of the bumps, such as through cryotherapy or curettage. Topical medications, such as imiquimod, may also be prescribed. In some cases, the condition may resolve on its own without treatment.

Myases

Myiasis is a parasitic infection that occurs when fly larvae infest the skin or other tissues of the body. The larvae feed on the tissues and can cause a range of symptoms, including itching, pain, and swelling.

Symptoms: Myiasis is a condition in which fly larvae infest the skin or other tissues of the body. Symptoms may include itching, pain, or the sensation of movement under the skin.

Causes: Myiasis is caused by the infestation of fly larvae in the body. It may occur in people who live in areas where fly infestations are common or in those who have open wounds or other skin conditions that attract flies.

Treatment: Treatment for myiasis involves physical removal of the fly larvae. This may be done using forceps or other instruments, or by covering the affected area with petroleum jelly to suffocate the larvae. Antibiotics or other medications may also be prescribed to prevent infection.

Lipoid necrobiosis

Lipoid necrobiosis is a rare skin condition that is characterized by the development of yellow or brown patches on the skin. These patches may be itchy or painful and can occur anywhere on the body. The condition is caused by a breakdown of the fatty tissue in the skin.

Symptoms: Lipoid necrobiosis is a rare skin condition that usually appears as small, yellowish-brown patches on the skin. These patches may be flat or slightly raised and may have a shiny or waxy appearance. The affected skin may also be itchy or painful.

Causes: The exact cause of lipoid necrobiosis is not known, but it may be associated with conditions such as diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis. It may also occur as a result of exposure to certain chemicals or medications.

Treatment: Treatment for lipoid necrobiosis may involve managing underlying conditions, such as diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis. Topical or oral medications, such as corticosteroids, may be prescribed to manage symptoms. In some cases, physical removal of the affected skin may be necessary.

Angioedema

Angioedema is a type of swelling that occurs under the skin. It is caused by the accumulation of fluid in the tissues and can be a result of an allergic reaction, medication, or a medical condition. The swelling can occur anywhere on the body but is most common in the face, lips, and throat.

Symptoms: Angioedema is characterized by swelling of the deeper layers of the skin and tissues, usually in the face, lips, tongue, throat, or genital region. The swelling may be accompanied by itching or a burning sensation and can last for several hours or days.

Causes: Angioedema can be caused by an allergic reaction to certain foods, medications, or insect bites. It can also be a side effect of certain medications or occur as a result of an underlying medical condition, such as hereditary angioedema or autoimmune disorders.

Treatment: Treatment for angioedema depends on the underlying cause and may involve antihistamines, corticosteroids, or epinephrine injections in severe cases. Avoiding triggers, such as certain foods or medications, may also help prevent angioedema from occurring.

Panniculitis

Panniculitis is a condition that affects the layer of fat beneath the skin. It is characterized by the development of nodules or lumps in the fat layer, which can be painful or tender. The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, medications, and autoimmune disorders.

Symptoms: Panniculitis is characterized by painful, tender nodules or bumps that form under the skin, usually on the legs or arms. The affected area may also be red, swollen, or warm to the touch.

Causes: Panniculitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, autoimmune disorders, and reactions to medications or chemicals. It may also occur as a result of an underlying medical condition, such as lupus or pancreatitis.

Treatment: Treatment for panniculitis depends on the underlying cause and may involve antibiotics, corticosteroids, or other medications to manage symptoms. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove affected tissue.

Papillonite

Papillonite, also known as papular urticaria, is a type of skin rash that is caused by an allergic reaction to insect bites. It is characterized by the development of small, red bumps on the skin that may be itchy or painful. The rash can occur anywhere on the body and is most common in children.

Symptoms: Papillonite is a skin rash that is characterized by small, itchy bumps that may be red or flesh-colored. The bumps may be clustered together in patches and can occur anywhere on the body.

Causes: The exact cause of papillonite is not known, but it is thought to be associated with an allergic reaction to certain substances, such as plants, cosmetics, or medications.

Treatment: Treatment for papillonite may involve topical or oral antihistamines or corticosteroids to manage itching and inflammation. Avoiding exposure to the triggering substance is also important to prevent further outbreaks.

Achromiant parakeratosis

Achromiant parakeratosis is a rare skin condition that is characterized by the development of white, scaly patches on the skin. The condition is caused by a buildup of keratin in the skin and can occur anywhere on the body. The patches may be itchy or tender and can become inflamed.

Symptoms: Achromiant parakeratosis is characterized by the presence of scaly, white or grayish patches on the skin. The affected skin may also be thickened and may itch or burn.

Causes: The exact cause of achromiant parakeratosis is not known, but it is thought to be a genetic condition that is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.

Treatment: There is no cure for achromiant parakeratosis, and treatment is focused on managing symptoms. Topical creams and ointments may be prescribed to soften and reduce the thickness of the affected skin. Light therapy may also be used to manage symptoms.

Guttate parapsoriasis

Guttate parapsoriasis is a type of skin condition that is characterized by the development of small, scaly patches on the skin. The patches are typically oval or round in shape and may be pink or red in color. The condition is often associated with stress or infections and can occur anywhere on the body.

Symptoms:
Guttate parapsoriasis is characterized by small, red, scaly patches that may appear on the trunk, arms, or legs. The patches may be itchy and can last for several months.

Causes:
The exact cause of guttate parapsoriasis is not known, but it is thought to be associated with an abnormal immune response. It may also be triggered by infections or medications.

Treatment:
Treatment for guttate parapsoriasis may involve topical corticosteroids or phototherapy to manage symptoms. In severe cases, oral medications may be prescribed.

Body pediculosis

Body pediculosis is an infestation of the skin by lice. The lice feed on the blood of the host and can cause itching, redness, and irritation. The condition is most common in areas where clothing is tight-fitting, such as the waistband or cuffs of clothing.

Symptoms: Body pediculosis, also known as body lice, is characterized by intense itching and the presence of small, red bumps on the skin. The bumps may be clustered together and may be more common in areas where clothing is tight-fitting.

Causes: Body pediculosis is caused by the presence of body lice, which are spread through close contact with an infected person or contaminated clothing or bedding.

Treatment: Treatment for body pediculosis involves washing all clothing and bedding in hot water and using topical or oral medications to kill the lice. In severe cases, the affected person may need to be hospitalized.

Scalp pediculosis

Scalp pediculosis is an infestation of the scalp by lice. The lice feed on the blood of the host and can cause itching, redness, and irritation. The condition is most common in children and can be spread through close contact with an infested person.

Symptoms: Scalp pediculosis, also known as head lice, is characterized by intense itching and the presence of small, white or brown lice eggs (nits) on the hair shafts. The scalp may also be red and irritated.

Causes: Scalp pediculosis is caused by the presence of head lice, which are spread through close contact with an infected person or contaminated clothing or bedding.

Treatment: Treatment for scalp pediculosis involves using a special shampoo or lotion to kill the lice and combing out the nits with a fine-tooth comb. It may also be necessary to wash all clothing and bedding in hot water and vacuum the home to remove any remaining lice or eggs.

Alopecia areata

Alopecia areata is a type of hair loss that occurs when the immune system attacks the hair follicles. The condition is characterized by the development of round, bald patches on the scalp or other parts of the body. The condition can occur at any age and can be triggered by stress or other factors.

Symptoms: Alopecia areata is characterized by patchy hair loss on the scalp or other parts of the body. The affected skin may be smooth or have a slightly raised or bumpy appearance.

Alopecia areata. Abbassyma at English Wikipedia, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Causes: The exact cause of alopecia areata is not known, but it is thought to be an autoimmune disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks the hair follicles.

Treatment: Treatment for alopecia areata may involve corticosteroid injections, topical medications, or light therapy to promote hair regrowth. In some cases, hair transplantation may be necessary.

Note: Please note that while dermatological pathologies can have distinct features and characteristics, a definitive diagnosis requires a medical examination by a licensed healthcare provider.

Bullous pemphigoid

Bullous pemphigoid is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects the skin and mucous membranes. It is characterized by the development of large, fluid-filled blisters on the skin. The condition is caused by the immune system attacking the skin, and can be triggered by certain medications or infections. The blisters can be painful or itchy, and may leave scars when they heal.

Symptoms: Bullous pemphigoid is characterized by large, fluid-filled blisters that develop on the skin, usually on the arms, legs, or trunk. The blisters may be itchy and painful, and they can break open and form crusts.

Causes: Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks the skin, specifically the proteins that hold the skin layers together.

Treatment: Treatment for bullous pemphigoid may involve topical or oral corticosteroids or immunosuppressive medications to control the immune response. In severe cases, intravenous immunoglobulin therapy or plasmapheresis may be necessary.

Pemphigus

Pemphigus is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects the skin and mucous membranes. It is characterized by the development of blisters on the skin and inside the mouth. The condition is caused by the immune system attacking the skin, and can be triggered by certain medications or infections. The blisters can be painful and may lead to scarring.

Symptoms: Pemphigus is characterized by the development of fluid-filled blisters on the skin and mucous membranes, including the mouth, throat, and genitals. The blisters are fragile and can break open easily, leaving painful sores.

Causes: Pemphigus is also an autoimmune disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks the proteins that hold skin cells together.

Treatment: Treatment for pemphigus may involve corticosteroids or immunosuppressive medications to control the immune response. In severe cases, intravenous immunoglobulin therapy or plasmapheresis may be necessary.

Perionyxis

Perionyxis, also known as paronychia, is a bacterial or fungal infection of the skin around the nails. The condition is characterized by redness, swelling, and pain around the nail bed. In severe cases, the infection can cause pus to form around the nail.

Symptoms: Perionyxis, also known as paronychia, is characterized by redness, swelling, and tenderness around the nail bed. The affected area may also be warm to the touch and may contain pus.

Causes: Perionyxis can be caused by a bacterial or fungal infection or by trauma to the nail bed, such as from biting the nails or a hangnail.

Treatment: Treatment for perionyxis may involve warm compresses to reduce inflammation, and in some cases, oral or topical antibiotics or antifungal medications may be necessary.

Perleche or Rhagades (angular cheilitis)

Perleche or Rhagades, also known as angular cheilitis, is a condition that affects the corners of the mouth. It is characterized by redness, cracking, and irritation around the corners of the mouth. The condition is often caused by a fungal or bacterial infection, and can be worsened by dry skin, nutritional deficiencies, or certain medical conditions.

Symptoms: Perleche, also known as angular cheilitis, is characterized by dry, cracked skin at the corners of the mouth. The affected area may be red, swollen, and painful, and may also be prone to bacterial or fungal infections.

Bilateral angular cheilitis in an elderly individual with false teeth, iron deficiency anemia and dry mouth. Matthew Ferguson 57, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Causes: Perleche can be caused by a variety of factors, including dry or chapped lips, nutritional deficiencies, fungal infections, and poorly fitting dentures.

Treatment: Treatment for perleche may involve keeping the affected area clean and dry, using a moisturizing lip balm, and in some cases, topical or oral antifungal medications or corticosteroids. Addressing any underlying nutritional deficiencies or dental issues may also be necessary.

Photodermatosis

Photodermatosis is a group of skin conditions that are caused by an abnormal reaction to sunlight. The conditions are characterized by the development of rashes, blisters, or bumps on the skin after exposure to sunlight. The conditions can be triggered by certain medications or medical conditions, and can be managed through sun protection and avoidance.

Symptoms: Photodermatosis refers to a group of skin conditions that are triggered by exposure to sunlight. Symptoms can include redness, itching, swelling, and the development of blisters or hives on the skin.

Causes: Photodermatosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including medications, chemicals in cosmetics or other skin care products, and certain medical conditions.

Treatment: Treatment for photodermatosis may involve avoiding exposure to sunlight, using sunscreen with a high SPF, and wearing protective clothing. In some cases, topical or oral corticosteroids or immunosuppressive medications may be necessary to control the immune response.

Gibert’s rosé pityriasis

Gibert’s rosé pityriasis, also known as pityriasis rosea, is a common skin condition that is characterized by the development of a single, large, scaly patch on the skin, followed by multiple smaller patches that are pink or red in color. The condition is thought to be caused by a viral infection and is often self-limiting, resolving on its own within a few weeks.

Symptoms: Gibert’s rosé pityriasis is characterized by the development of small, scaly patches on the skin, usually on the chest, back, or arms. The patches may be pink or red in color, and may be accompanied by itching or burning.

Causes: The exact cause of Gibert’s rosé pityriasis is unknown, but it is thought to be related to a viral or bacterial infection.

Treatment: Treatment for Gibert’s rosé pityriasis may involve topical corticosteroids or antihistamines to control itching and inflammation, and in some cases, phototherapy may be beneficial.

Tinea versicolor

Tinea versicolor is a fungal skin infection that is characterized by the development of discolored patches on the skin. The patches can be white, pink, or brown in color and may be itchy or scaly. The condition is caused by an overgrowth of yeast on the skin and can be treated with antifungal medications.

Symptoms: Tinea versicolor is characterized by the development of small, scaly patches on the skin, usually on the chest, back, or arms. The patches may be lighter or darker than the surrounding skin and may be accompanied by itching.

Causes: Tinea versicolor is caused by an overgrowth of yeast on the skin, which can be triggered by a variety of factors, including heat, humidity, and hormonal changes.

Treatment: Treatment for tinea versicolor may involve topical or oral antifungal medications to control the growth of yeast on the skin.

Poikiloderma

Poikiloderma is a skin condition that is characterized by a combination of hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation, and atrophy of the skin. The condition can be caused by sun damage, aging, or certain medical conditions. The affected skin may appear thin, wrinkled, and fragile.

Symptoms: Poikiloderma is characterized by the development of mottled, discolored patches on the skin, usually on the face, neck, or chest. The affected skin may be red or brown in color and may be accompanied by itching or burning.

Causes: Poikiloderma can be caused by a variety of factors, including exposure to sunlight, certain medications, and certain medical conditions.

Treatment: Treatment for poikiloderma may involve avoiding exposure to sunlight, using sunscreen with a high SPF, and wearing protective clothing. In some cases, topical or oral corticosteroids or immunosuppressive medications may be necessary to control the immune response.

Porphyrias

Porphyrias are a group of rare genetic disorders that affect the production of heme, a component of hemoglobin. The disorders can cause a variety of symptoms, including skin sensitivity to sunlight, blisters, and skin thickening. Treatment for porphyrias depends on the type and severity of the disorder.

Symptoms: Porphyrias are a group of rare genetic disorders that affect the production of heme, a component of red blood cells. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation, muscle weakness, and sensitivity to sunlight.

Causes: Porphyrias are caused by genetic mutations that affect the production of heme.

Treatment: Treatment for porphyrias may involve medications to control symptoms and prevent complications, such as pain medications, blood transfusions, or heme infusions.

Prurigo

Prurigo is a skin condition that is characterized by the development of itchy, raised bumps on the skin. The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including allergies, insect bites, and certain medical conditions. Treatment for prurigo depends on the underlying cause of the condition.

Symptoms: Prurigo is characterized by the development of itchy, scaly patches on the skin. The affected skin may be red or brown in color and may be accompanied by small bumps or blisters.

Nodularis prurigo /autoimmune disease. Masryyy, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Causes: The exact cause of prurigo is unknown, but it is thought to be related to a variety of factors, including allergies, insect bites, and stress.

Treatment: Treatment for prurigo may involve topical or oral antihistamines, topical or oral corticosteroids, or other medications to control itching and inflammation.

Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the skin, scalp, and nails. The condition is characterized by the development of red, scaly patches on the skin, which can be itchy and painful. The cause of psoriasis is not fully understood, but is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Treatment for psoriasis includes topical creams and ointments, phototherapy, and systemic medications.

Symptoms: Psoriasis is characterized by the development of red, scaly patches on the skin. The affected skin may be itchy or painful, and the patches may be accompanied by small bumps or blisters.

Causes: The exact cause of psoriasis is unknown, but it is thought to be related to an immune system malfunction.

Treatment: Treatment for psoriasis may involve topical or oral medications to control inflammation and itching, light therapy, or in some cases, systemic medications.

Purpura

Purpura is a skin condition that is characterized by the development of red or purple spots on the skin, which are caused by bleeding under the skin. The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including blood disorders, infections, and medications. Treatment for purpura depends on the underlying cause of the condition.

Symptoms: Purpura is characterized by the development of small, purple or red spots on the skin or mucous membranes. The spots may be accompanied by bleeding or bruising.

Petechia / purpura on the low limb due to medication induced vasculitis. James Heilman, MD, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Causes: Purpura can be caused by a variety of factors, including autoimmune disorders, infections, or certain medications.

Treatment: Treatment for purpura may depend on the underlying cause and may involve medications to control bleeding, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, or other treatments to address the underlying condition.

Rosacea

Rosacea is a common skin condition that is characterized by redness, flushing, and small bumps on the skin, particularly on the face. The condition can be triggered by a variety of factors, including stress, alcohol, and certain medications. Treatment for rosacea includes topical creams and ointments, oral medications, and laser therapy.

Symptoms: Rosacea is characterized by redness, flushing, and small bumps or pimples on the face. It may also cause burning, stinging, or itching sensations and can cause the nose to become swollen and bumpy.

Causes: The exact cause of rosacea is unknown, but it is thought to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors, such as sun exposure and certain triggers like alcohol and spicy foods.

Treatment: Treatment for rosacea may involve topical or oral medications to reduce inflammation and control symptoms, as well as avoiding triggers and protecting the skin from sun exposure.

Sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects the skin, lungs, and other organs. The condition is characterized by the development of small nodules, called granulomas, in the affected tissues. The cause of sarcoidosis is not fully understood, but is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Treatment for sarcoidosis depends on the severity and location of the granulomas.

Symptoms: Sarcoidosis is a condition that causes the growth of tiny clusters of inflammatory cells in various parts of the body. Symptoms can include coughing, shortness of breath, fatigue, fever, and skin lesions.

Causes: The exact cause of sarcoidosis is unknown, but it is thought to be related to an abnormal immune response to an environmental trigger, such as an infection or exposure to certain chemicals.

Treatment: Treatment for sarcoidosis may depend on the severity and location of the symptoms and may involve medications to reduce inflammation and control the immune response.

Scarlet fever

Scarlet fever is a bacterial infection that is characterized by a bright red rash on the skin, which typically spreads from the chest to the limbs. The condition can be accompanied by other symptoms, such as a sore throat and fever. Scarlet fever is caused by the same bacteria that cause strep throat and is treated with antibiotics.

Symptoms: Scarlet fever is a bacterial infection that can cause a sore throat, fever, and a rash that feels like sandpaper. The rash typically appears on the chest and abdomen and may spread to other areas of the body.

Causes: Scarlet fever is caused by group A streptococcus bacteria.

Treatment: Treatment for scarlet fever may involve antibiotics to kill the bacteria and control the symptoms.

Sycosis

Sycosis, also known as barber’s itch, is a bacterial infection of the hair follicles in the beard and mustache area. The condition is characterized by the development of small, red, and inflamed bumps, which can be itchy and painful. Treatment for sycosis includes topical or oral antibiotics.

Symptoms: Sycosis, also known as barber’s itch, is a type of skin infection that affects hair follicles. Symptoms can include redness, itching, and small bumps or pustules around hair follicles, particularly in the beard area.

Causes: Sycosis is typically caused by a bacterial infection, often from shaving or other skin trauma.

Treatment: Treatment for sycosis may involve topical or oral antibiotics to kill the bacteria and reduce inflammation. In severe cases, corticosteroids may also be used to reduce inflammation.

Mouth-hand-foot syndrome

Mouth-hand-foot syndrome is a viral infection that is characterized by the development of small blisters on the hands, feet, and mouth. The condition is caused by several different types of viruses, including the coxsackievirus and enterovirus. Treatment for mouth-hand-foot syndrome includes over-the-counter pain relief and antiviral medications.

Symptoms: Mouth-hand-foot syndrome is a viral infection that primarily affects young children and is characterized by a rash on the hands, feet, and mouth. Symptoms can include fever, sore throat, and painful blisters or ulcers on the tongue, gums, and inside of the cheeks.

Causes: Mouth-hand-foot syndrome is caused by a viral infection, typically Coxsackie virus or enterovirus.

Treatment: Treatment for mouth-hand-foot syndrome typically involves managing the symptoms, such as using pain relief medications for fever and discomfort, and keeping the skin clean and dry.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a rare but serious skin condition that is usually caused by a reaction to medication or infection. The condition is characterized by the development of painful blisters and a widespread rash, which can be accompanied by fever and other symptoms. Treatment for Stevens-Johnson syndrome typically involves hospitalization, supportive care, and management of the underlying cause of the condition.

Symptoms: Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a rare but serious skin reaction that can cause a widespread rash, blisters, and peeling skin. It can also affect the eyes and mucous membranes, leading to vision loss, scarring, and respiratory problems.

Causes: Stevens-Johnson syndrome is typically caused by an adverse reaction to certain medications, such as antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Treatment: Treatment for Stevens-Johnson syndrome typically involves stopping the offending medication and providing supportive care, such as pain relief, wound care, and intravenous fluids. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Syphilis

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. The condition is characterized by the development of a painless sore, called a chancre, on the genitals, anus, or mouth. If left untreated, syphilis can cause a variety of complications, including skin rashes, fever, and neurological problems. Treatment for syphilis involves antibiotics.

Symptoms: Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that can cause a wide range of symptoms, including sores, rash, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. If left untreated, it can progress to more serious symptoms, including damage to the brain, heart, and other organs.

Causes: Syphilis is caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, which is typically spread through sexual contact.

Treatment: Treatment for syphilis typically involves antibiotics, such as penicillin or doxycycline, to kill the bacteria and prevent further damage.

Ringworm (Dermatophytosis)

Ringworm is a fungal infection of the skin that is characterized by the development of a circular rash on the skin, which may be red and scaly. The condition is caused by several different types of fungi and can be treated with antifungal medications.

Symptoms: Ringworm is a fungal infection that can cause a circular rash with raised edges and a clear center. It can occur on any part of the body and can cause itching, redness, and scaling of the skin.

Causes: Ringworm is caused by a type of fungi called dermatophytes, which can be spread through contact with infected people, animals, or objects.

Treatment: Treatment for ringworm typically involves topical or oral antifungal medications to kill the fungi and prevent further spread of the infection. Keeping the skin clean and dry can also help prevent the spread of ringworm.

Bullous drug eruption

Bullous drug eruption is a type of drug reaction that is characterized by the development of blisters on the skin. The condition can be caused by a variety of medications and can be life-threatening in some cases. Treatment for bullous drug eruption involves discontinuing the offending medication and providing supportive care.

Symptoms: The symptoms of bullous drug eruption include the development of large blisters, often on the arms, legs, and torso. These blisters can be painful and may itch or burn. They can also ooze or crust over.
Causes: Bullous drug eruption is caused by an allergic reaction to a medication. Certain drugs such as penicillin, sulfonamides, and diuretics are more commonly associated with this type of reaction.

Treatment: The treatment of bullous drug eruption involves discontinuing the medication causing the reaction and providing supportive care such as wound care and pain management. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Trombidiosis

Trombidiosis, also known as harvest mite infestation or chigger bites, is a skin condition that is caused by the bite of a type of mite. The condition is characterized by the development of small, itchy red bumps on the skin, which can be treated with over-the-counter antihistamines and topical creams.

Trombidiosis: Symptoms: Trombidiosis is a skin condition caused by bites from chiggers, which are tiny mites. The symptoms include intense itching, redness, and the development of small bumps or blisters on the skin.
Causes: Trombidiosis is caused by bites from chiggers, which are found in grassy or wooded areas.

Treatment: The treatment of trombidiosis involves relieving the symptoms of itching and preventing infection of the bite sites. Over-the-counter anti-itch creams or lotions and antihistamines may be used to relieve itching. If the bite sites become infected, topical or oral antibiotics may be prescribed.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that can affect the skin, as well as the lungs and other organs. The condition is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is transmitted through the air. Tuberculosis can cause a variety of symptoms, including a skin rash, fever, and weight loss. Treatment for tuberculosis involves a combination of antibiotics.

Symptoms: Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that can affect the lungs, as well as other parts of the body. Symptoms of tuberculosis can include coughing, chest pain, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.
Causes: Tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is spread from person to person through the air when someone with active tuberculosis coughs or sneezes.

Treatment: The treatment of tuberculosis involves a combination of antibiotics taken over a period of several months. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary. It is important to complete the full course of treatment to prevent the development of drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis.

Tungiasis (sand flea infestation)

Tungiasis, also known as sand flea infestation, is a parasitic skin condition that is caused by the female sand flea burrowing into the skin and laying eggs. The condition is characterized by the development of small, itchy bumps on the skin, which can become painful and infected. Treatment for tungiasis involves removing the flea and its eggs from the skin and treating any resulting infections.

Symptoms: Tungiasis is a skin condition caused by the infestation of the feet with the female sand flea. The symptoms include intense itching, redness, swelling, and the development of small blisters or bumps.
Causes: Tungiasis is caused by the female sand flea, which burrows into the skin of the feet to lay its eggs. It is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions.

Jigger (sand flea) infested foot. Tungiasis is a zoonosis that affects humans and animals alike. Several mammalian species can act as reservoirs for human infection. In rural areas, these are predominantly pigs and bovines; in resource-poor urban communities, dogs, cats and rats. The lifecycle of the flea occurs in sandy environments. R.Schuster, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Treatment: The treatment of tungiasis involves removing the sand flea from the skin using a sterile needle or scalpel. The affected area may also be treated with topical antiseptics to prevent infection. In severe cases, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat secondary infections.

Urticaria

Urticaria, also known as hives, is a skin condition that is characterized by the development of itchy, raised bumps on the skin. The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including allergies, infections, and stress. Treatment for urticaria includes avoiding triggers, taking antihistamines, and in severe cases, taking corticosteroids.

Symptoms: Raised, itchy, and often red or pink bumps or welts on the skin that range in size from a few millimeters to several inches, swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat, and difficulty breathing or swallowing in severe cases.
Causes: Allergic reactions, insect bites or stings, certain medications, exposure to heat or cold, viral infections, and autoimmune disorders.
Treatment: Avoidance of triggers, antihistamines, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressive drugs in severe cases.

Varicella

Varicella, also known as chickenpox, is a viral infection that is characterized by the development of a rash and fluid-filled blisters on the skin. The condition is highly contagious and is caused by the varicella-zoster virus. Treatment for varicella includes rest, over-the-counter pain relief, and antiviral medications.

Symptoms: Itchy red blisters that eventually burst and crust over, fever, fatigue, and headache.
Causes: Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) that spreads through the air by coughing or sneezing, or by contact with fluid from the blisters of an infected person.
Treatment: Rest, cool baths with added oatmeal, and antihistamines to relieve itching, acyclovir or valacyclovir in severe cases.

Necrotizing vasculitis

Necrotizing vasculitis is a rare but serious skin condition that is caused by inflammation of the blood vessels. The condition can cause skin ulcers, gangrene, and other complications, and can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections and autoimmune disorders. Treatment for necrotizing vasculitis includes corticosteroids and immunosuppressant medications.

Symptoms: Fever, fatigue, weight loss, muscle and joint pain, skin ulcers or rashes, and in severe cases, tissue death (necrosis) and organ damage.
Causes: Autoimmune disorders, infections, certain medications, and cancer.
Treatment: Corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs to reduce inflammation, and treatment of underlying conditions.

Wart

A wart is a small growth on the skin that is caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Warts can appear on any part of the body, but are most common on the hands, feet, and face. The condition is usually not serious, but can be unsightly and may cause discomfort. Treatment for warts includes topical medications, cryotherapy, and in some cases, surgical removal.

Symptoms: Raised, flesh-colored or grayish bumps on the skin, typically on the hands or feet, and sometimes with tiny black dots on the surface.
Causes: Human papillomavirus (HPV) that spreads through skin-to-skin contact or contact with contaminated surfaces.
Treatment: Over-the-counter medications containing salicylic acid or freezing (cryotherapy), surgical removal, laser treatment, and immunotherapy.

Vitiligo

Vitiligo is a skin condition characterized by the loss of pigment in patches on the skin. The cause of vitiligo is not fully understood, but it is thought to be an autoimmune disorder. The condition can occur at any age and affects people of all skin colors. Treatment for vitiligo may include topical medications, light therapy, or in severe cases, depigmentation.

Symptoms: White patches of skin on various parts of the body, particularly on sun-exposed areas, mucous membranes, and areas around body openings.
Causes: Destruction of melanocytes (cells that produce pigment) due to autoimmune disorders, genetic factors, and exposure to chemicals or radiation.
Treatment: Topical corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and phototherapy.

Vulvovaginitis

Vulvovaginitis is an inflammation of the vulva and vagina that can cause itching, burning, and discharge. The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, allergies, and irritants. Treatment for vulvovaginitis depends on the cause, but may include antibiotics, antifungal medications, or topical steroids.

Symptoms: Vaginal itching, burning, or pain, abnormal vaginal discharge, and pain during sexual intercourse or urination.
Causes: Infections caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi, hormonal changes, and irritants such as soaps, douches, or perfumes.
Treatment: Antibiotics, antifungal medications, topical steroids, and avoiding irritants.

Xanthoma

Xanthomas are yellowish, waxy deposits of cholesterol that can appear on the skin. The condition is usually caused by high levels of cholesterol or triglycerides in the blood, and can be a sign of an underlying medical condition, such as diabetes or liver disease. Treatment for xanthomas may involve managing the underlying condition and, in some cases, surgical removal.

Symptoms: Yellowish, firm, raised bumps or nodules on the skin, typically around the eyes, joints, hands, feet, or buttocks.
Causes: Accumulation of fats or cholesterol in cells due to genetic disorders, diabetes, high cholesterol, or other underlying medical conditions.
Treatment: Treatment of underlying conditions, surgical removal, laser therapy, and lipid-lowering drugs.

Xeroderma pigmentosum

Xeroderma pigmentosum is a rare genetic disorder that affects the skin and eyes. The condition causes extreme sensitivity to sunlight and an increased risk of skin cancer. Treatment for xeroderma pigmentosum involves avoiding exposure to sunlight and regular skin cancer screenings.

Symptoms: Dry, scaly, and itchy skin, freckle-like pigmentation, and skin cancers at an early age due to sun exposure.
Causes: Genetic mutations that impair the ability to repair DNA damage caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or other sources.
Treatment: Sun protection measures such as wearing protective clothing and avoiding sun exposure, regular skin cancer screening, and surgical removal of skin cancers.

Shingles

Shingles is a viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which also causes chickenpox. The condition is characterized by a painful rash that usually appears on one side of the body. Treatment for shingles includes antiviral medications and pain relief. A vaccine is also available to help prevent shingles.

Shingles (Herpes Zoster). Mansour N, Kaliaperumal C, Choudhari KA, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Symptoms: Painful and itchy rash or blisters on one side of the body or face, usually following a nerve pathway, and flu-like symptoms such as fever, headache, and fatigue.
Causes: Reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) that causes chickenpox in people who have previously had the disease, due to weakened immune systems, stress, or aging.
Treatment: Antiviral medications, pain relievers, antihistamines, and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and prevent complications. Vaccination is also available to prevent shingles.

Sources: PinterPandai, The Australasian College of Dermatologists, American Academy of Dermatology Association, National Institutes of Health (USA), The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK)

Photo credit (main picture): vitalworks via Pixabay

Information: Cleverly Smart is not a substitute for a doctor. Always consult a doctor to treat your health condition.

Diseases | List of Diseases: dermatological, cardiovascular, respiratory, cancer, eye, genetic, infectious, mental illness, rare